مینو میری

This study explored the lived experiences of elementary teachers during the implementation of descriptive evaluation in the virtual education period of COVID-19.

Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 15 elementary school teachers in Birjand during the 2021-2022 academic year. Participants were selected via purposive criterion sampling, and data saturation was achieved. The Colizzi (2002) method was used for data analysis, with MAXQDA11 software as the tool.

Data validation was ensured using Guba and Lincoln's (1985) four criteria. Seven main themes emerged: "Learning assessment tools," "Monitoring the educational process," "Parents and evaluation," "Virtual feedback," "Educational and behavioral consequences," "Justice in evaluation," and "Electronic portfolio."

Teachers employed various tools and methods to assess and support students’ learning in the virtual context, revealing both opportunities and challenges. Virtual evaluations fostered innovative practices and provided insights into students' progress. However, disparities in access to resources, variations in parental involvement, and perceptions of injustice in assessments created significant obstacles. These findings underscore the need for equitable and effective strategies to enhance the virtual education process, emphasizing the critical role of comprehensive support for both teachers and students in overcoming these challenges.

The importance of psychological interventions to reduce depression and anxiety of mothers of children with learning disabilities is essential. It seems that one of the effective interventions is motivation-based psychotherapy.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of motivational psychotherapy on depression and anxiety of mothers of children with learning disabilities.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the mothers of children with learning disabilities in the city of Zabul in the academic year of 2021-2022 who had files in the rehabilitation center for children with special learning difficulties of Shahid Salvatian in Zabul (65 people). Among them, 40 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. Lavibond & Lavibond psychological symptoms questionnaire (1995) and Sahebdel's motivational psychotherapy training (2018) were the research tools. To analyze the data, the analysis of covariance test was used in SPSS-26 software.

The findings indicate that motivational psychotherapy is effective on depression (F=83.92; P<0.001) and anxiety (F=149.81; P<0.001) of mothers of students with learning disabilities and reduces Depression and anxiety.

According to the results, motivational psychotherapy was effective on depression and anxiety of mothers of children with learning disabilities; Therefore, it is suggested to use motivational psychotherapy in order to reduce depression and anxiety of mothers of children with learning disabilities.

High blood pressure is one of the main causes of death in the world. Psychological interventions can also play an important role in reducing it. Therefore, the aim of study was to investigate the effectiveness of REBT and ACT on oxidative stress in patients with high blood pressure.

This quasi-experimental research was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all the people suffering from high blood pressure in the first six months of 2020 in Birjand. 36 people were randomly selected by sampling method in two experimental groups of REBT (12 people) and ACT (12 people) and a control group (12 people). The subjects of the experimental groups received weekly, 90-minute sessions for a total of eight sessions, therapeutic interventions with the REBT of Dryden & Neeman (2013) and ACT of Hayes (2011). the research tool was mercury blood pressure device and Hple and FRAP measurement method. To analyze the data, the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used in the SPSS24.

Treatment with behavioral-rational-emotional therapy approach and acceptance-and-commitment therapy on the markers of oxidative stress i.e., MDA (P<0.01), TAC (P<0.01) and uric acid (P<0.05) was effective and continued in the follow-up period (P<0.01).

It’s possible to use therapeutic interventions with REBT and ACT to reduce the oxidative stress of patients with high blood pressure along with pharmaceutical methods.

Examining the mental health of female heads of the household and the factors affecting it is important. studies have shown that psychological capital can predict the mental health of people. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the lived experience of women heads of households about the role of psychological capital in mental health.

The research was a qualitative phenomenological type. The participants of this research were the female applicants who were the head of the household covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Birjand. interviews were conducted with 21 women through the purposeful criterion sampling method and based on the entry criteria, and this process continued until the theoretical saturation of the data. The research tool was semi-structured interview. To analyze the data from Colaizzi's seven-step strategy and to validate the answer to the main research question about the role of psychological capital in the mental health, Guba and Lincoln's four criteria were used. Finally, the research data was coded in the MAXQDA-11.

The data were categorized into 4 axes: "self-efficacy", "resilience", "optimism" and "hope". The analysis showed that the psychological capitals, including self-efficacy, resilience, optimism and hope, have played a very important role in dealing with psychological tensions and developing the mental health of female heads of households.

The results while explaining the importance of psychological capital in improving the mental health of women heads of households and the importance of conducting more extensive research with the aim of understanding the dimensions of this effect, bring this importance to the support organizations to work hard in order to improve the psychological capital of women heads of households

The covid-19 epidemic caused double mental pressure for nurses. In this epidemic, the use of spirituality and psychological capital were the factors that provided the basis for reducing the stress and mental pressure of nurses. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of spiritual experiences in predicting the mental pressure of nurses with the mediating role of psychological capital.Methods and Materials: The method was descriptive-correlation and structural equations type. The statistical population was all the nurses of the Corona and Emergency Department of Vali-Asr Birjand Hospital in the first two months of 2022. Considering the limited population (104 people), the sample of the current study was a census, that is, all the statistical population was selected as a sample, and according to the nursing stress questionnaires of Gray-Toft & Anderson (2014), the scale of spiritual experiences of Underwood & Teresi (2001) and Luthans (2007) psychological capital questionnaire answered. SPSS-22 and Smart-PLS software were used for data analysis. All the coefficients of the direct path related to the relationship between spiritual experiences with positive psychological capital and with nurses' psychological pressure are negative and significant (p<0.01). The relationship between psychological capital and psychological pressure is negative and significant (p<0.01). The proposed research model has a good fit at a significance level of 0.01. The value of (GOF= 0.459) indicates the appropriate fit of the research model. The results explain the importance of spiritual experiences and psychological capital in reducing the mental pressure of nurses. in order to reduce the mental pressure of nurses, it is suggested to strengthen psychological capital and spiritual experiences in the form of educational workshops in hospitals.

In addition to many physical threats, war conditions make them face many psychological crises. In the meantime, it should be stated that religion and spirituality have always been considered as strategies for improving mental health. Based on this, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the perception of veterans and warriors about the psychological consequences of spirituality, religiosity and trust in God during the Holy Defense.

The present research was conducted with a qualitative and phenomenological approach. The research participants were all combatants, including male veterans and martyrs of South Khorasan province, who had at least 6 months of experience in the fronts during the 8-year war. By using the cluster sampling method for the number of cities in South Khorasan province and then by sampling available in each city, a semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted with 30fighters. The resulting data were analyzed in MAXQDA-11 software and Colizzi coding method. Guba and Lincoln four criteria were used to validate the data.

The findings from the analysis of the interviews of martyrs and veterans were categorized into five components: the psychological consequences of spirituality, the consequences of religiosity, the effect of recourse and secret and group need, the consequences of trust and the consequences of secret and need with God.

The results of the research indicate that spirituality, religiosity and trust in God can be considered essential and important strategies for improving people's health and mental health in Stressful environmental conditions.

Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases that cause physical and mental problems and reduce self-care behaviors. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of therapy based on quality of life on self-care behaviors in patients with diabetes type II.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, and the research population included all type 2 diabetic patients in Birjand city in 2021, of which 30 people were selected by purposive sampling and were randomly selected into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The questionnaire on Tobert's self-care behaviors of diabetic patients was used to collect data. The method of implementing the intervention was in the form of quality of life-based treatment training during 8 sessions for the experimental group and the control group remained on the training waiting list. Data analysis was done using univariate and multivariate covariance analysis.

The results indicated that before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the average self-care score of the two groups, but after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the average self-care score in the control and experimental groups (P<0.05).

  Health professionals can use quality-of-life treatment to enhance self-care behaviors in individuals with type 2 diabetes, in conjunction with drug treatments.

Slow-paced disorder causes a decrease in students’ hope for life and the quality of academic life. Positive psychotherapy is one of the interventions that improves mental health in people, including students. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on the hope and quality of academic life of slow-paced students.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the slow-paced students of Zahedan City in the academic year 2022-2023 (69 people). The sample members consisted of 40 students who were willing to cooperate and met the inclusion criteria, who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The experimental group received positive psychotherapy intervention for 10 sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were Williams and Batten’s Quality of School Life Questionnaire (1981) and Miller’s Hope Scale (1988). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis.

The findings indicated that positive psychotherapy is effective on hope (F=92.55) and on all scales of the quality of academic life of slow-paced students (p<0.001). In other words, positive psychotherapy slowly increased the hope and quality of academic life of the students.

The results showed that positive psychotherapy is effective on the hope and quality of academic life of slow-paced students. Therefore, the use of this treatment method is recommended in the growth of hope and quality of academic life of slow-paced students.

Investigating factors affecting academic ethics is of interest to researchers in this field. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between moral intelligence and academic ethics with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence.

Methods and Materials: 

The research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population, was all the students of Farhangian University of South-Khorasan in the Academic year of 2022-2023, in the number of 2612 people, with the random sampling method and based on the table of Krejcie & Morgan, 336 people, King’s spiritual intelligence questionnaires (2008), ethical intelligence of Lennick & Kiel (2005) and academic ethics of GolParvar (2014). Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and structural equation approach and SPSS-26 and SmartPLS-3 software were used for data analysis.

Investigations show that all coefficients of the direct path related to the relationship between moral intelligence and spiritual intelligence and academic ethics of students are positive and significant (p<0.01). The results showed that the relationship model between spiritual intelligence and academic ethics is positive and significant (p<0.05). The results show that the path coefficient of the indirect relationship between moral intelligence and academic ethics, through the mediating variable of spiritual intelligence, is significant at the alpha level of 0.01 (p<0.05). Overall, obtaining the 0.688 value for GOF shows the overall fit of the research model.

The research results, while pointing to the key role of spiritual and moral intelligence in students’ academic ethics, point out the necessity of the aforementioned variables to the administrators of the higher education system.

Nurses are under great mental and emotional pressure at work; therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of optimism and spiritual experiences in predicting the psychological stress in nurses.

The present study was a descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all the nurses of the Coronary and Emergency Department of Waliasr Hospital in Birjand in the first two months of 2022; 104 nurses participated in the study selected by available sampling, including all the people of the statistical population in the form of a census; they responded to the Spiritual Experience Questionnaire of Underwood and Tersey, and the optimism subscale of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans et al. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression on the SPSS version 24 software. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The results showed that the calculated correlation between spiritual experiences (r=0.603) and optimism (r=0.416) with psychological stress was negative (P<0.01). And the components of spiritual experiences and optimism explained 46.8% of the variance in psychological pressure.

The results of the study show the importance of optimism and spiritual experiences in reducing the psychological stress of nurses, therefore, in order to reduce the psychological stress of nurses, it is recommended to strengthen optimism and spiritual experiences in the framework of educational workshops in hospitals and health care centers.

Retirees bear many psychological and social pressures due to the simultaneous retirement age and old age. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out interventions aimed at reducing psychological distress and improving their social cohesion. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of life review therapy on psychological distress and social cohesion of retired teachers.

The current research was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the retired teachers of Birjand city in 2022 in the number of 290 people, of which 40 people who met the conditions to enter the research were selected by purposive sampling and divided into experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) group. The experimental group received a 2-hour session every week for 6 sessions in a group manner, and the control group did not receive the training during this period of time. Psychological distress questionnaires by Kesler et al. and social cohesion by Paskarla et al. were the research tools. To analyze the data, multivariate covariance analysis was used in the SPSS-26 software environment.

According to the findings, in the variable of psychological distress, the mean and standard deviation of the scores in the pre-test were 38.35 and 0.44 respectively in the post-test and 19.1 and 0.34 respectively. Regarding the variable of social cohesion, the mean and standard deviation of the scores in the pre-test were 0.54 and 0.82, respectively, and in the post-test were 95.5 and 0.78, respectively. The results of covariance analysis showed that therapeutic intervention based on life review was effective on psychological distress and social cohesion of retired teachers (p<0.01).

The results indicate that life review therapy can be used to reduce psychological distress and increase the social cohesion of retirees.

The current research was conducted with the aim of predicting the adjustment of students based on school culture with the mediating role of quality of life at school. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of research was2444 ninth-grade-male students of Birjand in the academic year of2022-2023, which 334 were selected as a sample according to Krejcie-Morgan's table and with Multistage cluster random sampling method. The research tools were Higgins-D’Alessandro & Sadh’s school culture questionnaires(1988), Sinha &Singh(1993) student adjustment and Williams & Batten's(1981) Quality of life at School questionnaires. Pearson's correlation coefficient test and structural equation approach and SPSS-26 and AMOS software were used for data analysis. All the coefficients of the direct path related to the relationship between school culture, quality of life in school and students' adjustment are positive and significant(p<0.01). The path coefficient of the indirect relationship between school culture and adjustment, through the mediating variable of quality of life in school, is significant at the alpha level of0.01. The goodness-of-fit index of the root of the approximation error is equal to0.076 and the standard root of the residual variance is equal to0.054, which indicates the good fit of the model. According to the findings, it is possible to predict students' adjustment through school culture and quality of life at school. The results have practical implications for psycho-educational interventions that improve the quality and conditions of students' academic life in school and the development of school culture with the help of administrators, teachers and school counselors.

Learning disorders (LD) is a kind of neuro-developmental disorders with biological origin, which is based on the level of cognition and with symptoms such as reading words incorrectly and with difficulty, difficulty in understanding meanings, spelling problems, difficulty in writing, difficulty in calculating numbers and understanding Mathematics is associated (6). In addition to learning problems, these children may have problems in various psychological and mental health areas, which turns the wishes and hopes of parents into despair and disrupts the psychological functions of the family, and this causes disruption in the quality of life. related to children's psychological well-being and this situation will potentially negatively affect the quality of life and well-being of parents (9). Mothers of children with learning disorders face extensive psychological pressures such as stress and psychological incoherence (11,12). One of the effective factors in psychological pressures is the feeling of psychological coherence, which is defined as a person's ability to manage psychological stressors and causes a person to tolerate a high level of stress and psychological pressure (13). People with a sense of psychological coherence will experience shorter periods of harmful pressures associated with negative experiences (17). One of the things that affect the life and relationships between parents and exceptional children such as autism and other cases such as learning disorders is mental health and integrity, which has faced many psychological challenges to the parents and especially the mothers of these children (18). Families with children with learning disabilities face emotional problems; They suffer from depression and endure high stress (21). Stress is the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with mental or emotional pressure that has cognitive, emotional and physical symptoms (22). Considering that the mother is the first person who has a direct relationship with the child, feelings such as guilt and blame, failure, sadness and the presence of disorder in the child can cause isolation and limited communication with the environment and also the decrease in self-confidence, the ability to express oneself, and the feeling of self-deprecation and worthlessness, sadness and unhappiness in the mother's person (25). An example of modern psychotherapy approaches that emphasizes the relationship between parents and children and shows that parents play an important role in shaping their children's personality and behaviors is Motivational Psychotherapy (26). Motivational psychotherapy in the field of personality formation believes that personality is formed during the stages of development and can be changed at any moment of life (27). Motivational psychotherapy, while emphasizing change and appropriate goals in life, can help people to draw a specific goal for themselves and dedicate their activities to it (28). Reviewing the Literature review related to motivational psychotherapy shows that motivational psychotherapy has a positive effect on the mental health of students (27) and women (29), in reducing many psychological problems such as behaviors high-risk (sexual behavior, violence) (28), high-risk sexual behaviors of addicted men (30), violence against women (31) and bullying behavior of students (32) are effective. Tt seems that the use of motivational psychotherapy approach can reduce the stress of mothers of children with learning disorders while strengthening psychological cohesion. Reviewing the background of the research also showed that so far, no research has focused on the effect of Motivational psychotherapy on the stress and psychological cohesion of different groups, and the use of this new approach was observed in limited researches. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of motivational psychotherapy on stress and psychological cohesion of mothers of students with learning disabilities.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, which was registered with the ethics ID IR.BUMS.REC.1400.421 from Birjand University of Medical Sciences and also the clinical trial code IRCT20220125053829N1. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the mothers of children with learning disabilities in the city of Zabul in the academic year of 2021-2022 who had files in the educational and rehabilitation center for students with special learning difficulties in Shahid Salavatian, Zabul (65 people). The number of samples consisted of 40 mothers who were willing to cooperate and met the criteria for entering the research, who were randomly selected into two experimental groups (20 people) and control (20 people) were attributed. Then the experimental and control groups were formed and the pre-test was performed. In the next stage, the experimental group received motivational psychotherapy training based on Sahebdel's motivational psychotherapy training package (2018) (33) during 8 sessions of 60 minutes for 8 weeks; While the control group did not receive any training. Then a post-test was taken from both groups to compare the results of the two groups. The tools used in the research included Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) psychological symptoms questionnaire of stress section, Flensborg-medsen, Ventegodt & Merrick (2006) mental coherence questionnaire and Sahebdel's motivational psychotherapy training package (2018) (33).

According to the demographic information of the present study, the research sample (40 people) were divided into two experimental and control groups, 20 people were in the experimental group and 20 people were in the control group, considering that mothers are discussed, the gender of all sample people was female. ANCOVA results show that by removing the effect of pre-test psychological coherence scores as a covariate, the main effect of motivational psychotherapy training on psychological coherence in the post-test is significant; In other words, the table shows that the observed difference between the average psychological coherence scores of the participants of the experimental-control group according to group membership in the post-test stage is significant with 95% confidence (P<0.05). The intervention rate was 0.87. The adjusted averages in the post-test showed that for all components, the average of the experimental group is lower than the control group; Therefore, at a significance level of 0.05, motivational psychotherapy training is effective on the stress of mothers of students with learning disorders. Also, the adjusted averages show that the average psychological coherence score of the experimental group has increased more compared to the control group; Therefore, at a significance level of 0.05, motivational psychotherapy training was effective on the psychological cohesion of mothers of students with learning disorders. The application of the results of this research is specific to the centers of learning disabilities to use the motivational psychotherapy approach in line with their interventions on the families of students with learning disabilities. Also, the application of the results of this research is aimed at the counselors and psychotherapists of the counseling centers, especially the counseling centers of the Ministry of Education, so that, along with other psychological and therapeutic interventions, with the aim of reducing stress and improving the psychological integrity of the mothers of students with Learning disorders can benefit from motivational psychotherapy and its techniques. This research, like any research, had its own limitations, among which we can point out the lack of consideration of the follow-up period due to time constraints, the use of purposeful sampling, and the use of self-reporting tools.

The results of the present study show the significant effect of motivational psychotherapy on reducing stress and improving the psychological coherence of mothers of students with learning disabilities; Therefore, it can be useful to use this therapeutic approach with the aim of reducing stress and mental pressures and strengthening the psychological cohesion of people. According to the results, it is suggested that psychiatrists and psychologists pay special attention in using motivational psychotherapy techniques in the treatment protocol of clients with similar conditions. Holding training courses and in-service training for school counselors and psychologists with the aim of teaching this new therapeutic approach is another practical proposal of the research.

The purpose of the current research was to identify and investigate the challenges of sex education and in a systematic way by searching keywords including challenge, problem and problem along with the word sex education or sex education in reliable scientific databases including: Google Scholar, PubMed, Taylor & Francis Online, Springer, Eric, Science direct, Elsevier, Scopus, SID and Magiran, in the period from January 2018 to October 2022 in English journals and also from April 2016 to March 1401 in Persian journals. Finally, 9 Persian articles and 6 English articles were reviewed. The most important challenges obtained were educational and content challenges, policy challenges  and upstream documents, family challenges, individual and social challenges, as well as the challenge of training an efficient workforce. Therefore, in line with sexual education, a comprehensive and strategic program should be designed and compiled by an expert curriculum planning team, and then, in accordance with it, training human resources specialized in this field should be carried out.
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One of the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic was the occurrence of suicidal thoughts and attempts among people, especially the medical staff. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating suicidal thoughts and attempts among the treatment staff.

The present systematic review was performed in relation to the thoughts and attempts of suicide of the treatment staff in April 2023, using search engines SID, Magiran, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and Scopus, and also keywords Suicide, Treatment staff, Health care workers, Nurses, Physicians, COVID-19, Coronavirus, and their Persian equivalents. A number of 10 articles were reviewed.

The results of this study showed that suicidal thoughts ranged from 6.31 to 15.81 percent, and attempted suicide among the treatment staff ranged from 10.8 to 11.1 percent. Factors such as poor mental health, low sleep, high stress, low support, low self-confidence, use of psychoactive drugs, income worries, loneliness, social isolation, childlessness, stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, and previous suicide attempts, were among the most important predictors of suicide attempts.

The results of this research, while emphasizing the growth of awareness in the field of causes and methods of suicide among the medical staff, point out to the necessity of this issue that managers and planners of health and medical organizations have to take basic steps in order to formulate suicide prevention policies in epidemics.

Investigating the effective factors in academic success has always been one of the concerns of educational and higher education system researchers, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of academic resilience and academic ethics in predicting the academic success of students.

The current study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included students of Farhangian University of South Khorasan in the academic year of 2021-22. According to Krejcie and Morgan's table, 330 people were selected using available sampling method. The research data collection tools included Samuels' academic resilience questionnaires (2004), Golparvar academic ethics (2010) and Wells' academic success (2010). To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and simultaneous regression were used using SPSS 24 software.

Ethical Considerations: 

After obtaining permission from the university and explaining the objectives to the participants, their consent was obtained and they were assured about the confidentiality of the information.

The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between academic resilience (r=0.676) and academic ethics (r=0.501) with academic success (P<0.01) and the components of academic resilience and academic ethics explain 50.1% of students' academic success.

The research findings provide the basis for more and deeper educational researches in the field of ethical educational planning and strengthening resilient character.

The coronavirus epidemic is one of the most important human social events of the present century. Its effects have overshadowed the adaptation of all age groups. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of spiritual capital and patience in predicting the level of emotional adjustment of university students .

Methods :

The p resent study was a descriptive correlational study and involved the use of regression analysis. The statistical population included all male and female students of Farhangian University of Birjand in the academic year 2021 - 2022, out of whom 242 were select ed by convenience sampling. They answered the questionnaires of spiritual capital developed by Golparvar et al., Khormaei et al.’s patience questionnaire and the psychological adjustment questionnaire by Sinha and Singh f or data analysis, mean and standard deviation and Pearson and multiple regression correlation tests were used. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests .

The results showed that the relationship between spiritual capi tal and emotional adjustment (P<0.01, r=0.598) and the relationship between patience and emotional adjustment (P<0.01, r=0.569) was positive and significant. The components of spiritual capital and patience (37.6%) predicted 35.6% and 37.6% of the variance in emotional adjustment, respectively .

The results of the present study indicate that therapists and researchers should pay more attention to the role of the components of spiritual capital and patience in students' emotional adjustment .

Suicide is a serious issue, so it needs to be addressed. The purpose of this review study is to a Systematic Review on the prevalence and Causes of Suicide (Thoughts and Actions) In Iranian School and University Students.

This study is a systematic review carried out in April 2022, using different search engines including SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, PubMed, Scopus, as well as the keywords “Suicide”, “University”, “Student”, and their Persian equivalents in relation to Iranian school and university students. 27 articles were reviewed.

The results of this study revealed that suicide attempt in students varied from 6 to 8.3% and suicidal ideation ranged from 2.8 to 7.49%. The most important causes of suicide were mental disorders, depression, low resilience, loneliness, hopelessness, family factors, weakness of religious beliefs, and stressors. 

Psychological interventions include religion-based and metacognitive therapy, resilience and positive thinking skills training, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and positive psychology training. Regular screening and psychological interventions can be used to prevent, treat, and reduce suicidal ideation among students.

Understanding the severity of depression, stress and anxiety is essential to ensure adherence to treatment and achieve appropriate treatment outcomes in patients with hypertension; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of rational-emotional-behavioral therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension.

The present study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. From the statistical population that includes all people with hypertension referred to Dr. Mahmoudi Rad clinic in the first six months of 2020 in Birjand, 24 eligible people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups (12 people tested And 12 controls were placed. The experimental group participated in eight sessions of Dryden and Newman (2013) rational-emotional-behavioral therapy, but the control group was on the waiting list. Data collection tools were Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition Beck et al. (2000) and Beck et al. (1988) Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and analysis of variance with repeated measures between groups at the significance level of α = 0.05.

The results showed that rational-emotional-behavioral was effective in reducing depression (p <0.01) and anxiety (p <0.01) in patients with hypertension and these results continued in the follow-up period (p <0.01).

Considering the effectiveness of rational-emotional-behavioral therapy, the results of this study can be used for psychiatric nursing processes as well as prevention of psychological problems in patients with hypertension for health system managers, for proper treatment planning, promotion of mental health services and related policies. It should be used in the community and they should pay more attention to non-drug therapies.

Failure to treat hypertension often leads to fatal complications; thus, there is an urgent need to develop and expand effective psychological interventions in this respect. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and a control group design. In total, 24 patients with hypertension in Birjand city, Iran, in the second half of 2020 participated in this research. The study subjects were selected from the eligible subjects who volunteered to participate in the study. Besides, they were chosen by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n=12/group). The experimental group participated in eight ACT sessions developed by Hayes et al. (2011); however, the control group remained on the waiting list. Data collection tools were the Beck Depres-sion Inventory – Second Edition (BDI-II) (2000) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck et al., 1988). The col-lected data were analyzed in SPSS using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of P=0.05.

The current study results revealed that ACT was effective in reducing depression (P<0.01) and anxiety (P<0.01) in patients with hypertension; these results remained consistent until the follow-up step (P<0.01).

The obtained data indicated the effectiveness of ACT in reducing depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension. Thus, this intervention can be used as a complementary therapy to improve psychological problems in patients with hypertension.