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Sodium valproate (SV) is a commonly used antiepileptic drug; however, its therapeutic application is limited due to its potential to induce oxidative stress. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, possesses antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of resveratrol on SV-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue of BALB/c mouse fetal brains.

In this experimental study, 40 pregnant female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 8, including control, SV at 40 mg/kg/bw, SV at 40 mg/kg/bw + resveratrol at 0.6 mg/kg/bw, SV at 40 mg/kg/bw + resveratrol at 0.35 mg/kg bw, and SV at 40 mg/kg/bw + resveratrol at 0.225 mg/kg/bw. SV was administered orally per day, and resveratrol was administered daily via intraperitoneal injection. From gestational day 8 to 18, pharmacological interventions were initiated and continued until the birth of the neonates. On gestational day 18, the maternal mice were anesthetized, and 8 fetuses from each group were separated. Following the anesthesia of the fetuses, the brain tissue was dissected. Subsequently, oxidative stress parameters, including the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in nmol/mg as an index of lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH) level alterations in µg/mg, and protein carbonyl (PC) level alterations in nmol/mg, were evaluated in the hippocampal tissue.

SV induced oxidative stress by increasing MDA (4.8 nmol/mg) and PC (51.4 nmol/mg protein), and also decreasing GSH (31.86 μg/mg) in the brain tissue compared to the control group (P<0.05). In a concentration-dependent manner, resveratrol reduced oxidative stress by decreasing MDA and PC to 3.02 and 37.21 nmol/mg, respectively, and also by increasing GSH to 49.76 μg/mg in the brain tissue. The most significant effect was observed at a concentration of 0.6 mg/kg/bw, which was statistically significant compared to the SV group (P<0.05).

The combined administration of SV and resveratrol culminates in a reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress-related factors in mouse fetuses.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Although there are many medications available to control epilepsy, drug resistance and drug toxicity still pose significant challenges for managing this condition. Combination therapy and targeting different pathways involved in seizures can be a suitable strategy to reduce drug side effects and increase its efficacy. There are multiple reports on the relationship between epilepsy and melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland involved in regulating circadian rhythms. This review article will discuss recent advances in stimulating the melatonergic pathway with melatonin and melatonin agonists in the treatment of epilepsy. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between melatonergic pathways and seizure could pave the way for future studies in treating epileptic disorders.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive flexibility and executive functioning in epilepsy patients.

This research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test format with a control group. The statistical population was all girls aged 7 to 14 years with epilepsy in Mazandaran province, Iran. The statistical sample included 40 girls (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned in the two groups. The data collection tools were Dennis et al.'s Cognitive Flexibility (2010) and Coolidge's (2002) Executive Function questionnaires. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 26.

Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that the cognitive behavioral training program had a direct effect on cognitive flexibility and executive functioning of the girls with epilepsy. The effect on cognitive flexibility (F=5.44 (35,1)) and executive functioning (F=2.73 (1,35)) was significantly different at the 0.001 level (P>0.01).

It is concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy has an effect on the cognitive flexibility and executive functioning of epilepsy patients, and the patients affected by cognitive behavioral therapy improve their cognitive flexibility and executive functions.

Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder, with approximately 80% of people suffering from epilepsy in developing countries. Due to the importance of drug interactions among antiepileptic drugs, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of drug interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs, as well as associated factors.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 300 patients with epilepsy referring to Razi Hospital in Birjand in 2020 were studied. The patients receiving at least two drugs were included in the study. Drug interactions were evaluated in Lexicomp® software. The data was entered into SPSS19 software. The Chi-square, Fisher's tests, and logistic regression were used for data analysis.

The results showed that 154 patients (51%) were women in this study. The mean age of the patients was 45.12±16.20 years. 220 (73.3%) had drug interactions, and 111 (50.5%) had polypharmacy. The number of 1,147 drugs were prescribed, and 939 drug interactions were reported, of which 680 (72.4%) were moderate type C, 94 (10%) were major type D, 97 (10.3%) were major type C, 45 (4.8%) were moderate type D, and 23 (2.4%) were mild type B. The variables of occupation, type of epilepsy, medical history, education level, and age were effective in drug interactions of the patient.

This study showed the importance of awareness of drug interactions in patients with epilepsy. The presence of a clinical pharmacist can be effective in preventing such interactions in hospitalized patients.

Epilepsy patients are involved in many psychological problems, so in addition to medical interventions, psychological interventions should also be considered in their recovery plan. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSRT) on intensity pain and quality of life of man with epilepsy.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the research included all man with epilepsy in Tabriz city who were members of the Epilepsy Association of this city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups (15 people each). Members of the experimental group received their treatment in eight sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups answered the 20-question McGill's intensity pain and 36-question quality of life Questionnaires, before, after and 4 months after the intervention. Data were Analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures.

There was no significant difference between the intensity pain and quality of life in the experimental and control groups in the pre-test (P<0.05). The results showed that MBSRT reduced and increased intensity pain and quality of life of man with epilepsy in the post-test, compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.001). The effect of MBSRT on intensity pain and quality of life was lasting in the follow-up phase (P<0.001).

It seems that mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy can reduce intensity pain and increase quality of life in man with epilepsy, therefore it is likely to be a useful treatment strategy to improve the intensity intensity pain and quality of life in man with epilepsy.

One of the major health issues, especially in patients with chronic diseases, is medication adherence. Patients with epilepsy face various psychosocial pressures due to non-adherence to medication and the presence of unpredictable convulsive attacks. It seems that it is important to investigate drug compliance and identify factors related to it in these patients to adopt treatment and care plans. Therefore, this study was designed and implemented to investigate drug compliance and its related factors in patients with epilepsy in Namazi Hospital (Shiraz, Iran) in 2022. 

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. It included 320 patients with epilepsy. The data were collected using demographic information and a medication adherence questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The medication compliance scale scores of the participants were 4.31±1.98. There was a statistically significant relationship between sex (P=0.040), education level (P=0.016), marital status (P=0.033), underlying disease history (P=0.039), and medication adherence scale score.

Drug compliance in patients with epilepsy was at a low level. Therefore, it is recommended that health professionals and caregivers adopt educational and care methods appropriate to the factors affecting drug compliance, as well as evaluate effective approaches to improve the level of drug compliance in patients with epilepsy.

Seizure is one of the most common neurological disorders, and its correct diagnosis and differentiation from other similar disorders is crucial for the proper management of patients. Given the high prevalence of drug-resistant epilepsy and the current possibility of epileptogenic focus surgery, paraclinical methods, such as video-electroencephalography monitoring, are now available to accurately localize the epileptogenic zone. One of the most important components influencing preoperative decision-making in these patients is the knowledge related to seizure semiology, which is necessary for the localization and lateralization of the seizure-onset zone. Therefore, adequate knowledge of the ictal signs and symptoms is considered a fundamental necessity in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy. This review article was conducted through searches in the PubMed and Scopus databases within the timeframe of 2004 to 2024. After reviewing the abstracts and full texts of the articles, 68 publications were selected. The results showed that the characteristics of seizure, including precipitating factors, initial symptoms, ictal semiology, and postictal findings, were helpful in distinguishing it from imitators, such as syncope and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. The details of the seizure semiology and their usefulness in localizing the seizure-onset zone were discussed, and relevant signs and their interpretation were summarized. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that an accurate knowledge of the clinical manifestations and signs of seizures is beneficial for both the correct diagnosis and localization. Thus, a thorough history and, if necessary, the observation of seizures by video-electroencephalography monitoring may be helpful in the diagnosis of patients.

Epilepsy patients are involved in many psychological problems, so in addition to medical interventions, psychological interventions should also be considered in their recovery plan. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSRT) on pain anxiety and psychological health of man with epilepsy.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the research included all man with epilepsy in Tabriz city who were members of the Epilepsy Association of this city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups (15 people each). Members of the experimental group received their treatment in eight sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups answered the 20-question McCracken & Dhingra's pain anxiety and 28-question Goldberg's general health Questionnaires, before, after and 4 months after the intervention.Data were Analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures.

There was no significant difference between the pain anxiety and psychological health in the experimental and control groups in the pre-test (P<0.05). The results showed that MBSRT reduced and increased pain anxiety and psychological health of man with epilepsy in the post-test, compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.001). The effect of MBSRT on pain anxiety and psychological health was lasting in the follow-up phase (P<0.001).

It seems that mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy can reduce pain anxiety and increase psychological health in man with epilepsy, therefore it is likely to be a useful treatment strategy to improve the intensity pain anxiety and psychological health in man with epilepsy.

Patients with epilepsy are involved in many psychological problems; so in addition to medical interventions, psychological interventions should also be considered in their recovery plan. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSRT) on sleep quality and psychological well-being of women with epilepsy.

This study was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the research included all women with epilepsy in Tabriz City who were members of the Epilepsy Association of this city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups (15 people each). Members of the experimental group received their treatment in eight sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures.

In the pretest, mean and standard deviation of MBSRT for sleep quality was 17.67±2.52 and for psychological well-being was 43.93±5.94; and in the control group sleep quality was 16.87±2.03 and for psychological well-being was 46.33±6.30 (p>0.05). At post-test, MBSRT increased their sleep quality and psychological well-being (p<0.001). At the follow-up stage, the effect of this treatment was lasting (p<0.001).

Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy can possibly increase sleep quality and psychological well-being in women with epilepsy.

Mood-behavioral disorders are highly prevalent in patients with epilepsy and have significant effects on the quality of life of these patients. Mood-behavioral disorders in patients with epilepsy have received less attention due to the focus on seizure management. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of mood-behavioral disorders in patients with epilepsy in Iran.

An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, SID, and Magiran databases until August 2024. Also, a manual search was performed in the sources of primary review and key studies. The language of studies was limited to Farsi and English. Assessment of study bias was done with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale checklist. Data analysis was done using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3 software.

A total of 18 studies, including 2919 patients, were included in the study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, bipolar disorder, stress, and panic in patients with epilepsy is 36% respectively (confidence interval 95% [0.24-0.49], P=0.03), 27% (95% [0.17-0.41], P<0.001), 27% (95% [0.24-0.30], P<0.001), 18% (95% [0.11-0.28], P<0.001), 3% (95% [0.01-0.08], P<0.001), 13% (95% [0.07-0.19], P=0.71), and 5% (95% [0.04-0.07], P<0.001).

The prevalence of mood and behavioral disorders in patients with epilepsy is high. This situation not only affects the mental health of patients but can also lead to a decrease in the quality of medical care and an increase in treatment burden. Therefore, timely identification and treatment of mood-behavioral disorders in these patients is essential.

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological condition that negatively impacts an individual's emotional well-being and quality of life, leading to mood and cognitive disorders. Psychological factors play a crucial role in shaping emotions and quality of life. This study aims to investigate the relationship between basic psychological needs and emotions, as well as quality of life, in patients with epilepsy.

The sample consisted of 120 participants (60 males and 60 females) aged 18-35, selected through random sampling, who completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (P-31-QOLIE), and the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction (BPNS) questionnaire. The study employed a correlational design, and data analysis was conducted using simultaneous linear regression and Pearson correlation matrix with SPSS 21.

The results revealed significant positive relationships between positive affects and autonomy, competence, and relatedness (p < 0.01), as well as a negative relationship between negative affects and autonomy and competence (p < 0.01). Variance analysis showed that 28% of the variance in positive affects and 23% of the variance in negative affects were explained by basic psychological needs. Competence and autonomy were found to be significant predictors of positive and negative emotions, respectively, in patients with epilepsy.

Patients with epilepsy who employ self-management techniques tend to feel more competent, leading to increased positive affects. Additionally, feeling competent, autonomous, and understood by others contributes to their overall well-being and improved quality of life. The findings suggest that healthcare providers should focus on addressing the basic psychological needs and emotional support of patients with epilepsy to enhance their affect and quality of life.

There are many important cognitive issues in patients suffering from epilepsy, including executive functions disorder such as cognitive flexibility and response inhibition. The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of the computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in children with epilepsy.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with the control group. The statistical society of this research includes all children with epilepsy referred to the Neurology Clinic of Mofid Hospital in Tehran in 2021, in which 30 children were selected by convenient sampling method and allocated to the experimental and control groups randomly (15 in each group). The experimental group was received 12 sessions the computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program and the control group didn’t receive any intervention. The data-gathering methods were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (1948) and the Stroop Test (1935). The results were analyzed by SPSS20 and multivariable covariance test.

The results showed that the computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program improves cognitive flexibility (p<0.001) and response inhibition (p<0.001) of children with epilepsy.

Computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program is an effective method for executive functions, which improves cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in children with epilepsy. Consequently, it can be used as a replacement or complement method for common interferences in such children.

The issue of the possible relationship between criminal acts and seizures, which are symptoms of epilepsy, is of vital importance. If there is such a relationship, the seizure may be considered an exculpatory or mitigating factor in the judicial trial. There are many case reports of patients with epilepsy who have been called to court for criminal acts and acquitted. But other studies show that seizures are rarely the cause of criminal acts. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to review the literature and reports related to the relationship between seizures and the occurrence of criminal acts and how to distinguish a guilty person with epilepsy from an innocent person. The results of this research show that violence leading to crime occurs too rarely in the ictal period, and in the interictal period, factors other than the seizure itself, such as low intelligence, the economic and social status of the patient, or other comorbidity diseases, play a very important role in the occurrence of crime. Therefore forensic experts should follow the existing instructions to investigate the claim of the defendants regarding the role of seizures in the occurrence of criminal acts.

Seizures are one of the common and warning signs of brain diseases, which doctors often use CT-scan or MRI for diagnose. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluation of brain MRI of the patients referred with seizures in order to determine their brain lesions and involvement.

The study was carried out using a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive method. All the patients with seizures referred for MRI to the Radiology Department of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd City, Iran during 2016-2020 were examined. By referring to the archives of the radiology department, the records and MRI of the patients referred with seizures were extracted. Then, the data were extracted from the Hospital Information System and the patients' files; after that they were analyzed with SPSS version 16.

The present study was conducted on 105 patients with seizures for brain MRI. 48.6% (51 people) of patients were male and 51.4% (54 people) were female. The average age of the patients was 34.17 ± 10.50 years. MRI was normal in 59% of the patients. 16.2% Non-Specific, 6.7% Mass and 4.8% evidence of Encephalomalacia were also reported. The most lesions with 10.5% were related to left frontal lobe and 2.9% were related to right frontal lobe. 99% of seizures were unspecified convulsion and 1% were postprocedural disorder of nervous system. There was no significant relationship between the gender of the patients and their diagnosis (P>0.471).

Wide abnormalities such as mass, edema, encephalomalacia and demyelination are observed in the MRI of the patients with seizures and are often located in the frontal lobe. In general, seizures can cause transient and reversible brain abnormalities in MRI

Helicobacter pylori infection is a chronic bacterial infection in humans, and its link to epilepsy has been reported in some studies. This study was conducted to compare the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with and without epilepsy.

This case-control study was conducted on 234 patients with focal and generalized epilepsy (the case group consisted of 88 males and 146 females) referring to Alavi Hospital in Ardabil, Iran and 234 individuals without epilepsy (the control group consisted of 88 males and 146 females) during 2019. Stool samples were taken from the subjects to assess the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen. Demographic information, including age, gender, place of residence, a history of alcohol, cigarette, hookah, and opium use, and the test result of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen, were collected in a checklist.

The frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection was determined to be 67.2% in the case group and 71.1% in the control group, and no statistically significant difference was found between the case and control groups. Cigarette and opium use had statistically significant relationships with epilepsy (P<0.05). Moreover, opium users had a 6.92 times higher odds rate (OR) of contracting Helicobacter pylori infection than other individuals (CI 95%=1.05-45, OR=6.92, P<0.04).

No difference was observed in Helicobacter pylori infection between individuals with and without epilepsy.

Up to 25% of children with epilepsy experience resistance to treatmentand recurrence of seizures and have low quality of life (QoL) in various dimensions. Limited evidence isavailable on the QoL of the parents of these patients in the south of Iran. Therefore, this study aims toevaluate the QoL of parents with children having refractory epilepsy in Ahvaz, Iran

Using a sequential sampling method, 157 parents of 113 children with refractoryepilepsy who referred to the neurology clinic of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz city during 2009-2016 wereselected to participate in the study. The 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) was used to assess theQoL of parents. The significance level of statistical tests was set at 0.05.

The mean age of parents was 35.2±8.5 years and the mean age of children was 7.1±2.6 years. Of157 parents, 98 (62.4%) were mothers and the rest were fathers. The children had seizures for 3.1±1.6years. The mean score of SF-36 was 62.6±21.4. In all domains of the SF-36, mothers had significantlylower scores than fathers (P<0.000).

The QoL of parents with children having resistant epilepsy, especially their mothers, in Ahvazis lower compared to the general population of Iranian

Epilepsy can impact cognitive ability in children. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of task-oriented cognitive rehabilitation programs and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation programs on cognitive flexibility in children suffering from epilepsy.

This study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all children with epilepsy who were referred to the neurology clinic of Mofid Children's Hospital, Tehran in 2021. Using the purposeful sampling method, 45 eligible children were included in the study and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group). In order to collect data, the Wisconsin cards test from Grant and Berg (1948) was used.

The results showed that both task-oriented cognitive rehabilitation programs and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation programs significantly increased cognitive flexibility in children with epilepsy compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in the computer-based cognitive section on the increase of cognitive flexibility in children with epilepsy.

Task-based cognitive rehabilitation programs and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation programs can be a useful approach to increase the cognitive flexibility of children with epilepsy.

Considering the importance of examining somatic symptoms in patients with epilepsy, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of somatic symptoms based on perceived social support and childhood trauma with the mediating of depression, anxiety and stress in patients with epilepsy.

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of correlation. The research population was the patients with epilepsy of Iran in the 2021 year, which number of 260 people of them were selected as a sample by simple random sampling method. The research tools were included somatic symptoms questionnaire (Kroenke et al., 2002), perceived social support scale (Zimet et al., 1988), childhood trauma questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003) and depression, anxiety and stress scale (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling in SPSS-24 and AMOS-26 software.

The findings showed that the model of somatic symptoms based on perceived social support and childhood trauma with the mediating of depression, anxiety and stress in patients with epilepsy had a good fit. Also, social support had a significant negative effect on depression, anxiety and stress and somatic symptoms, childhood trauma had a significant positive effect on depression, anxiety and stress, and depression, anxiety and stress had a significant positive effect on somatic symptoms (P<0.05), but trauma childhood had no significant effect on somatic symptoms (P>0.05). In addition, social support with the mediating of depression, anxiety and stress had a significant negative effect on somatic symptoms and childhood trauma with the mediation of depression, anxiety and stress had a significant positive effect on somatic symptoms (P<0.05).

According to the results of this study, it is necessary to plan to reduce somatic symptoms in patients with epilepsy by increasing social support and reducing depression, anxiety and stress.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by the degeneration of hippocampal neurons and the sprouting of mossy fibers in the dentate area. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascene on hippocampal tissue changes induced by kainic acid-induced epilepsy in rats.

In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats weighing between 185-225 grams were used. The animals were divided into four groups: sham group, sham treated with hydroalcoholic extract, epilepsy (kainic acid), and epilepsy pretreated with hydroalcoholic extract. Kainic acid was used for intra-hippocampal and unilateral injection to induce epilepsy in the animals at 0.8 micrograms per rat. The rats were given 500 mg/kg of the extract intraperitoneally daily for one week before surgery. Five weeks after surgery, thionin and Tim staining methods were performed on the hippocampal slices.

Kainic acid-induced epilepsy resulted in convulsive behavior, and pretreatment with the hydroalcoholic extract significantly reduced the intensity of convulsive attacks (P<0.05). The density of neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus in the kainic acid group showed a significant decrease compared to the sham group (P<0.05), while pretreatment with the extract caused a significant increase in the number of neurons in this area compared to the kainic acid group. Additionally, a significant increase in the intensity of mossy fiber sprouting was observed in epileptic rats compared to the sham group, and pretreatment with the extract significantly decreased its intensity (P<0.05).

The pre-treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena decreased convulsive behavior, protected hippocampal CA3 neurons and reduced the intensity of sprouting in the hippocampal dentate region in the experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by kainic acid.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by frequent and spontaneous seizures that are not well controlled with current medications. The aim of the present study is to investigate the mediator role of alexithymia in explaining the effect of perceived social support and childhood trauma on the psychological distress of patients with epilepsy.

This study is descriptive in terms of its practical purpose and data collection method, correlation method. The statistical population of the current research is Iranian epilepsy patients in Iran in 2019-2021. According to the number of variables and paths, a total of 260 subjects are required to perform the structural equations test. A simple random sampling method was used. Data collection tools were Toronto TAS-20, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale. The data were analyzed in Amus24 and SPSS24 statistical software and structural equation modeling (SEM).

Alexithymia mediates the effect of childhood trauma on psychological distress in a positive way and the effect of perceived social support on psychological distress in patients with epilepsy in a negative and significant manner.

Researchers and therapists in the field of clinical and health psychology, doctors, nurses, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, social workers and counselors should consider these components in their epilepsy patients based on the results of this research.