سمانه بهزادپور

Parenting is considered as one of the significant concepts in the fields of clinical psychology and family therapy. With the emergence of helicopter parenting in parenting styles, and to examine the mechanism of this variable's effect on identity status, the present study investigated the mediating effect of autonomy in the relationship between helicopter parenting and identification style.

This study was a descriptive-correlational research. A total of 207 high school students from Tehran Province, in 2023, were selected using convenience sampling and completed questionnaires on helicopter parenting, autonomy, and the four identity statuses. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation test and path analysis.

The relationships between helicopter parenting and autonomy (r=-0.400), helicopter parenting and identity styles (acquired, r=-0.346; recorded, r=0.362; identity interruption, r=0.267 and chaotic, r=0.337), and autonomy and identity styles (acquired, r=0.203; recorded, r=-0.154; identity interruption, r=-0.196 and chaotic, r=-0.166) were confirmed with a significance level of less than 0.01. The indirect path coefficients for all four identity styles were found to be significant (p<0.01), confirming the mediating effect. Additionally, direct path coefficients were also found to be significant (p<0.05).

Based on the findings of the present study, it appears that helicopter parenting, by limiting adolescents' autonomy, can hinder identity development. Therefore, it is suggested to develp interventions aimed at increasing adolescents' autonomy, as well as educational packages to raise awareness among families regarding helicopter parenting.

Identifying the factors influencing children's resilience is of great importance. This study aimed to determine the mediating role of mothers' parental reflective functioning in the relationship between maternal cognitive flexibility, self-control, and children's resilience.

This descriptive-correlational study included a sample of 200 mothers residing in Tehran, Iran, with children aged 6 to 11 years, selected through a convenience sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires on parental reflective functioning, cognitive abilities, and children's resilience. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and path analysis in SPSS version 27.

A negative relationship was found between children's resilience and deficits in cognitive flexibility (β = -0.29), and self-control (β = -0.28). Additionally, self-control weaknesses had a positive effect on pre-mentalizing (β = 0.31) and a negative effect on certainty in mental state attribution (β = -0.24). Cognitive flexibility weaknesses were positively correlated with pre-mentalizing (β = 0.35) and negatively correlated with interest and curiosity about mental states (β = -0.15) (P < 0.001). Pre-mentalizing had a negative effect (β = -0.30), certainty in mental state attribution (β = 0.31), and interest/curiosity about mental states (β = 0.24) had a positive effect on children's resilience (P < 0.001). Pre-mentalizing and interest/curiosity played a mediating role in the relationship between cognitive flexibility weaknesses and children's resilience. Additionally, pre-mentalizing and certainty in mental state attribution mediated the relationship between maternal self-control weaknesses and children's resilience (P < 0.005).

The results of this study support the mediating role of parental reflective functioning components in the relationship between maternal cognitive flexibility, self-control, and children's resilience. Therefore, strengthening these components can be an effective approach in interventions aimed at promoting children's resilience.

Caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents numerous challenges and may lead to parental burnout. Identifying factors that influence this burnout is of particular importance. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of parental reflective capacity in the relationship between parental burnout and maternal care quality in mothers of children with autism.

This descriptive-correlational study involved 100 mothers of children aged 3 to 7 years with autism, residing in Tehran in 2024. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. The mothers completed questionnaires assessing parental reflective capacity, maternal care quality, and parental burnout. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis in SPSS version 27.

Parental burnout and preoccupation with conflicts and confusion had a positive relationship, while sensitivity, responsiveness, and availability showed negative relationships with these factors (P<0.01). Furthermore, parental burnout was positively correlated with preoccupation and negatively correlated with certainty in mental states, as well as interest and curiosity about mental states (P<0.01). Additionally, certainty in mental states, and interest and curiosity about mental states were negatively correlated with conflict and confusion, while showing a positive relationship with sensitivity, responsiveness, and availability (P<0.01). Moderation analysis revealed that certainty in mental states, and interest and curiosity about mental states, significantly moderated the relationship between parental burnout and maternal sensitivity and responsiveness (P<0.05).

The findings suggest that higher reflective capacity in mothers plays a critical role in reducing parental burnout and enhancing maternal sensitivity and responsiveness. Therefore, training mothers with autism children in reflective skills may help mitigate the negative effects of parental burnout on the quality of maternal care.

This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of maternal reflective functioning in relationship between child temperament and externalizing problems. The Method of research was correlation. The statistical population included mothers of 6-8-year-old children in Saveh city in Iran. The research sample encompassed 200 mothers who were selected by convenient sampling. The participants completed the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens & Fonagy, 2017), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), Preschool Temperament and Character Inventory (Constantino et al, 2002). The data analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression. The findings of this study illuminate positive relationship between pre-mentalizing mode and externalizing problems in children. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and reward dependence with externalizing problems. moderated the relationship between novelty seeking and externalizing problems. Accordingly, it can be claimed that by increasing the reflective functioning capacity of mothers, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of behavioral problems in early childhood, especially in children with difficult temperament.

The present study aimed to examine the moderating role of women's attachment style in predicting their marital satisfaction based on their husbands' internet addiction. The research method was descriptive- correlational and statistical population was every 20-50-year-old partner who lived in Tehran in 1401. 208 partners were selected as samples through the convenience sampling method and They answered the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (EMS, Fowers & Olson, 1993), Hazan and Shivers Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AASQ, 1987), and Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT, 1998). Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation and regression analysis tests. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between husbands' internet addiction and women's marital satisfaction (p>0.05). In addition, there was a significant and positive relation between women's secure attachment style and their marital satisfaction (p<0.05) and a significant and negative relation between avoidant/ and anxious-ambivalent attachment style and their marital satisfaction (p<0.01). results showed that Attachment style explains a total of 11% of the variance of marital satisfaction. Furthermore, women's attachment style (both secure and insecure) cannot moderate the relation between husbands' internet addiction and their marital satisfaction. It can concluded that the women's attachment style significantly affected their marital satisfaction, but husbands' internet addiction didn’t affect it.

Postpartum depression is a type of depression that can have significant negative effects on both mother and newborn. Therefore, it is important to investigate various factors that influence postpartum depression. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fear of body image and postpartum depression and the moderating role of self-compassion.

This correlational study was conducted on mothers with newborns up to one year old in Tehran in 2024. One hundred and seventy mothers were selected as a sample using a convenience sampling method. Mothers completed demographic, postpartum depression, body image fear, and self-compassion questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and path analysis with SPSS version 27.

There was a significant positive correlation between fear of body image and postpartum depression (r=0.51, P<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and postpartum depression (r=-0.57, P<0.01) and between self-compassion and fear of body image (r=-0.56, P<0.01). Self-compassion did not have a moderating role in the relationship between fear of body image and postpartum depression (P=0.53).

Based on the findings, the factor of self-compassion can play an important role in reducing fear of body image and postpartum depression, but it does not have the necessary power to reduce the negative impact of fear of body image on postpartum depression.

Maternal-fetal attachment is a key predictor of a mother's bond with her baby, as well as the quality of primary care and parenting. Identifying factors that influence this attachment is essential. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship between childhood trauma and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on pregnant women residing in Tehran, Iran, in 2023. A sample of 204 women was selected using an availability sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Cranley Mother-Fetal Attachment Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Self-Compassion Questionnaire. Pearson's correlation method and structural equation modeling were employed for data analysis, utilizing SPSS version 26 and Smart PLS software.

The results indicated a significant negative relationship between childhood trauma and maternal-fetal attachment (r=-0.40, P<0.01). Additionally, a significant positive relationship was found between self-compassion and maternal-fetal attachment (r=0.38, P<0.01). Although childhood trauma exhibited a negative relationship with self-compassion, this relationship was not statistically significant (r=-0.15, P>0.05). Furthermore, self-compassion was identified as a moderating factor between childhood trauma and maternal-fetal attachment (P=0.03).

The findings suggest that self-compassion plays a crucial role in mitigating the negative effects of childhood trauma on later attachment experiences, including the bond between a pregnant mother and her fetus.

Since, executive functions can be interpreted as a universal set of cognitive capacities which promote purposeful behaviors, investigating the role of executive functions of parents, especially the important role of mothers in daily parent-child interaction and finally, fostering children's resilience is an important step. As a result, the purpose of this research was to determine the mediating role of parents' reflective capacity in the relationship between mothers' working memory weakness and their children's resilience.

The present study was a descriptive cross -sectional study. The statistical population of this research included 200 mothers who had children between 6 and 11 years old, and lived in Tehran in 2023. They were selected by available sampling method. Data collection tools were parental reflective functioning questionnaires, cognitive abilities and the revised version of children's resilience. Data analysis was conducted by Pearson correlation test and path analysis using SPSS v.26 software.

The results indicated that weakness in working memory had a direct, negative and significant relationship with the child's resilience (β=-0.23, p<0.01). Also, weakness in working memory had a direct and positive impact on prementalizing (β=0.30) and a direct and negative effect on certainty in recognizing mental states (β=-0.23) and on interest and curiosity about mental states (β=-0.20) (p<0.001). Finally, pre-mentalizing had a significant negative effect (β=-0.30), and certainty in recognizing mental states (β=0.31) and curiosity and interest about mental states (β=0.24) had a significant positive effect on child resilience (p<0.001).

The results of this research supported the mediating role of the components of parental reflective functioning in the relationship between maternal working memory and the child's resilience and revealed that strengthening the components of parental reflective functioning and the mother's working memory can be a useful intervention for improving children's resilience.

Parenting is stressful for parents, especially mothers, along with many challenges and responsibilities, and many factors can affect parental stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between perfectionism and parental stress in mothers of elementary school students.

The present research is descriptive. The statistical population included the mothers of elementary school students in Arak City in the academic year 2022-2023, out of which 300 mothers were selected by convenience sampling method and completed Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism, Parental Stress Short Form, and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using correlation tests and structural equations modeling.

The results showed that mothers' emotional intelligence has a negative and significant relationship with parental stress (r=-0.67), and parental perfectionism has a positive and significant relationship with parental stress (r=0.26) (p<0.001). But there was no significant relationship between perfectionism and emotional intelligence in mothers (p>0.05). According to the structural model, emotional intelligence had a moderating role in the relationship between perfectionism and parental stress (p<0.001).

According to the results, it appears that high perfectionism and low emotional intelligence in mothers can increase their parenting stress. On the other hand, in mothers who have high emotional intelligence, perfectionism will have less effect on parenting stress. Therefore, increasing emotional intelligence in mothers is recommended.

The mother's parenting stress can lead to children's behavioral problems, and among these, variables related to the parent-child relationship can be a moderator. The present study aimed to determine the moderating role of the components of maternal reflective functioning in the relationship between the mother's parenting stress and the child's behavioral problems.

The current research is descriptive. Based on the convenience sampling method, 200 mothers who visited the children's clinics in Tehran in 2023 were selected and completed questionnaires of Parental Reflective Functioning, Parental Stress, and Child Behavior Checklist. Data analysis was performed using correlation tests and hierarchical regression.

 There was significant a positive relationship between mother's parental stress and pre-mentalizing (r=0.31, p<0.001) and certainty of mental states (r=0.32, p<0.001), and a significant negative relationship between mother's parental stress and interest and curiosity in mental states (r=-0.34, p<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between parental stress and child's behavioral problems (r=0.47, p<0.001), and child's behavioral problems and pre-mentalizing (r=0.26, p<0.001) and certainty of mental states (r=0.30, p<0.001), and there was a significant negative relationship between parental stress and interest and curiosity in mental states (r=-0.28, p<0.001). The moderating role of pre-mentalizing components (p=0.041) and certainty in recognizing mental states (p=0.035) in the relationship between parental stress and the child's behavioral problems was also confirmed.

The mother's low reflective functioning and parental stress can increase the probability of behavioral problems in children. Parental stress in mothers who have lower reflective functioning has a more negative effect on children's behavioral problems. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to teaching reflective functioning to mothers.

Given the alarming statistics regarding children's psychological disorders, there is a growing interest in studying child development. Secure attachment, effective family functioning, and positive parenting play a significant role in child development. Therefore, the present research aimed to review the role of fathers in child development, factors influencing father-child attachment, and its developmental consequences. In order to conduct this investigation, an extensive search was conducted in various English databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed, as well as domestic databases including the Scientific Information Center of Universities, National Journal Database, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities Sciences, and the Scientific Jihad Center. The search spanned from 2000 to 2023, using specific keywords pertinent to the study's main topic. The search resulted in a total of 123 articles, among which 86 papers were ultimately included for analysis. The results revealed the role of fathers and father-child attachment in child development. Additionally, factors affecting father-child attachment were classified into four main categories: 1) factors related to the child, 2) factors related to the father, 3) factors related to the family, and 4) cultural factors. Furthermore, the developmental consequences of father-child attachment were identified in three main categories: 1) socio-emotional development, 2) cognitive-linguistic development, and 3) Psychopathology and behavioral problems. These factors indicate that fathers are also important figures in their children's attachment and have a significant role in their cognitive, emotional, and social development through positive interactions with their children. Therefore, with a better understanding of the father-child attachment relationship and identifying the influential factors and consequences, it is possible to improve the father-child relationship and design educational and therapeutic interventions that focus on fathers to prevent and treat children's emotional and behavioral problems. 

Family therapy is an intervention that focuses on changing interactions between family members and tries to improve the functioning of the family as a unit consisting of individual family members. Therefore, the challenges of family therapy can exist in various cases, including relationships within the family, mental health of people, financial problems, and issues caused by lifestyle and family order. The aim of the current research is to analyze and summarize the studies that we have done in the field of dealing with various challenges of family therapy. The method of the present research was conducted as an integrated background review method, in this way, the library method and systematic review plan were used. The statistical population of this research was all scientific sources and articles in the following domestic and foreign databases with keywords related to the challenges of family therapy, 86 cases were identified as the statistical population, of which 28 documents were based on the sampling method. They were selected based on the purpose of entry and exit criteria. The search was carried out in Normagz, Mag Iran, Ensani, Jihad University Scientific Center, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus databases in the period of 1378-1400 (2000-2022) and the keywords included family therapy. family-oriented, Iranian family and challenges. A total of 28 studies that met the necessary criteria were included in the analysis. According to the studied samples, the results were classified and analyzed in four categories: 1. Cultural challenges 2. The challenge of family-therapist identity: an identity beyond from the framework of the treatment room, 3. educational challenges and 4. the challenge of forming a therapeutic alliance. The most noteworthy point from the surveys inside and outside of Iran was mostly in the choice of research topic and method. The focus of research in Iran was on the cultural-religious concerns and mainly by analyzing the content of existing texts. While the subject range and methodology in researches outside Iran were wider and directly in the context of family meetings. It is recommended that researchers conduct similar studies relying on the opinions and direct experiences of experts.

Examining the ability of threat perception in children with autism requires simple and visual tools. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and determine the psychometric properties of the threat perception tool in preschool children with autism.

In the present descriptive study, the sample group consisted of 82 children aged 3 to 5 years old with autism in Tehran in 2020. To design this tool, the stimuli identified and used in literature as threatening and dangerous stimuli were extracted and a visual tool was designed based on them. Content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were used to assess the validity of the tool. Reliability was examined by test-retest and inter-rater reliability.

The results showed that according to experts, the tool had a good content validity. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the child’s score in the designed tool and the score given by the mother and the teacher to the child’s ability to perceive danger and threat, and the child's score in the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale were 0.63, 0.81, and 0.41, respectively, that indicated a good convergent validity. Also, the significant difference between normal and autistic children was a confirmation of the tool’s differential validity (p=0.003). The intra-class correlation coefficients of retest and inter-rater reliability were obtained 0.81 and 0.71, respectively.

The findings of the study showed that perception threat tool is a valid and reliable measure for assessing threat perception ability of preschoolers with autism and can be used as a useful tool in psychological research and clinical context.

Anxiety symptoms have been reported in children with autism. However, most studies have focused on school-aged children and early anxiety symptoms in preschoolers with autism and their comparison in groups of children with different symptom severity and normal children have been less addressed. So, this study sought to compare total anxiety and anxiety symptoms in children with mild, moderate and severe autism symptom severity and typically developing children.

The research design is descriptive ex post facto and takes up the form of a cross-sectional study. In this study, four sample groups including 25 children with mild autism symptoms, 25 children with moderate autism symptoms, 21 children with severe autism symptoms and 25 typically developing children participated in the study. Data were collected using the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2) and Preschool Children Anxiety Scale.

The results of univariate and multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between four groups in total anxiety and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety and separation anxiety (P<0.001). The group of children with moderate and severe autism were not significantly different in total anxiety and anxiety symptoms (P=0.99). There was no significant difference between four groups in specific phobias (P<0.05). Also, the results of Scheffe post hoc test showed that the group of children with mild autism experienced higher levels of  total anxiety, social anxiety and generalized anxiety than the group of children with severe and moderate autism and children with typically developing children (P<0.001). Separation anxiety was higher in children with mild autism and children with typically developing children than the other two groups (P<0.001).

Our findings indicates that as the severity of autism symptoms increases, their cognitive abilities decrease in these children and their anxiety levels decreases.  Accordingly, it seems that the experience of anxiety requires some cognitive skills and levels of cognitive development that are deficient in children with moderate and severe autism.

As children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more likely to experience anxiety than their peers, investigation of risk factors for anxiety in them is important for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment. Thus, this study aims to explore the risk factors of anxiety in children and adolescent with ASD.Source of Data: To obtain the selected articles to enter the analysis, systematic search strategies were used. The five databases including Scopus, Sciencedirect, PubMed, OVID-PsycINFO, and Springer were searched using a combination of selected keywords.

This study was a systematic review and 5 electronic databases from 2000 to 2019 were searched using a comprehensive search strategy. As a result of this search, 377 articles were retrieved. According to PRISMA and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 research papers were selected for the study.

Although the findings were somehow contradictory, according to the results of the majority of studies, it can be concluded that anxiety in girls and in older children and adolescents with ASD is higher than boys and younger children and adolescents with ASD. Moreover, it was found that children with higher cognitive functions, lower autism severity, and more social problems had more anxiety symptoms.

The current findings suggest that gender, age, cognitive functioning, ASD severity, and social problems should be considered as potential risk factors for anxiety when assessing a child with ASD. Therefore, early prevention and intervention of anxiety in children with ASD who are most at risk is necessary.

Anxiety is highly comorbid in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), contributing to considerable impairments. In this account, the aim of study was to explore the explanations of anxiety in children and adolescents with ASD in relevant literature.

This study is an integrative literature review and 3 electronic databases- Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed – from 2000 to 2019 were searched using a comprehensive search strategy. As a result of this search, 576 articles retrieved.  According to a PRISMA method and use of an inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 research papers were selected to enter the research.

According to the results of studies, 3 explanation have been found: The core symptoms of autism such as lack of social skills and Sensory Over-Responsivity underlie the anxiety in autism, Emotion regulation impairments underlie the anxiety in autism, and intolerance of uncertainty is a central factor in the emergence of anxiety in autism.

Children with autism spectrum disorder have some cognitive deficits and different cognitive architecture. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to these features and defects in explaining anxiety in autism and to present a conceptualization of anxiety in autism based on cognitive features.

Employment of mothers can have different consequences and effects on their children. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Iranian mothers' employment on their children's mental health. This study was a systematic review and 4 international electronic databases- Scopus، Science direct, PubMed, & google scholar and 4 domestic databases- Magiran, Ensani, Noormags, & SID  during 2000-2020 were searched using a comprehensive search strategy with determinesd keywords. As a result of this search, 261 articles retrieved. According to a PRISMA method and use of an inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 research papers were selected to entry of the research. The findings of the research were mixed. Some findings suggest that maternal employment increases the development of  externalized and internalized disorders in children  and  weakens the parent-child relationship. On the other hand, some findings have shown that maternal a comprehensive model of the impact of mother's employment on Iranian children's employment has a positive effect on the child's mental health. Also, some studies have not reported a difference in the mental health of children with working and non-working mothers. Given the different and mixed results of research, it seems that many factors besides mother's employment affect children's mental health that without considering them in the analysis, we can not provide mental health. So, it could be concluded that the mediating role of some variables including mother’s satisfaction  with her job, job schedule of mother, the stress level of mothers in work place, the age of the child, father’s participation in parenting, etc. that can be investigated in future research.  The role of  mediator variables has been neglected in this respect.

Based on information processing models, cognitive biases occurring in different stages of information processing can lead to anxiety disorders in children. Accordingly, the present study aimed to review these cognitive biases effective in developing and maintaining childhood anxiety and have been studied in various research. This narrative review was conducted through search of Persian and English articles in English databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Speinger and Persian Databases including SID, Magiran, Ensani.ir (during 2000-2020)  with related keywords. The result of the search was 78 articles that finally 45 articles were selected to enter the study. The results have identified several types of these cognitive biases including attentional bias, judgment bias, memory bias, and Interpretation bias, reduced Evidence for danger (RED) bias, emotional reasoning, probability bias, and covariation bias. These biases are related to cognitive processes that are distorted and inaccurate and thus trigger maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. Obviously, this biased information processing can easily invoke feelings of fear and anxiety that in turn increase cognitive bias and can reinforce risk and vulnerability for maladaptive schemas. In conclusion, Identifying and understanding these cognitive biases will shed light on the mechanism of the development and maintenance of anxiety in children and can lead to more effective treatments designed to reduce these biases and thereby reduce anxiety in children.

The aim of this research was to study The role of Meta-Cognitive Beliefs and thoughts control strategies in predicting the symptoms of social anxiety in university students The statistical population included all university students in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Esfahan University. The research sample consisted of 400 university students who were selected by stratified sampling method. Social Phobia Inventory (Connor, Davidson & Churchill, 2000) Met-cognition Questionnaire (Wells & Cart Wright-Hatton, 2004) and Thought Control Questionnaire (Wells & Davis, 1996) were used to gather data. Data were analyzed by stepwise regression analyses. the results of stepwise regression analyses indicated that among Meta-Cognitive Beliefs, negative beliefs about worry and cognitive confidence and among thoughts control strategies, worry, punishment and social control can predict the symptoms of social anxiety significantly (P>0/05).So, the findings support the meta-cognitive model of anxiety and it seem that changing the meta-cognitive beliefs and thoughts control strategies can reduce the symptom of social anxiety.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used for a wide range of psychological problems in children. However, Children should have reached the level of development required to benefit from this treatment. The aim of this study is to examine developmental skills needed to effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in children.
In this umbrella review, review articles related to subject of study in Scopus, PubMed, springer in the period from 1900 to 2018 were extracted. Among articles extracted, 6 articles were selected for this study.  The results indicated that a variety of emotional, social and cognitive skills including understanding and recognizing of emotions, social perspective taking, metacognition, causal reasoning, logical reasoning, scientific reasoning, verbal abilities and cognitive flexibility, play an important role in effectiveness of CBT. Some children may respond poorly because they do not yet have the cognitive, social, or emotional maturity needed to understand and apply the skills being taught in therapy. In conclusion, treatments for children may need to be tailored to match children’s ability to both comprehend and implement the therapeutic techniques, otherwise, the effectiveness of the treatment is limited.

Poor caregiver in children associate with severs behavioral and emotional problems. Current study investigates the effectiveness of art therapy on externalized and internalized problems in children with poor caregiver. This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre and post- tests. The 21 subjects were selected from two family canters in Tehran. They were assigned randomly to the control and experimental groups. Art therapy was conducted with the experimental group during 10 sessions (90 min for each session per week) and the control group did not receive any interventions. Then the Child behavior checklist questionnaire (Achenbach) was administered at post-test and pretest in two groups. Statistical analysis was conducted by using the analysis of variance. The results of analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant decrease in internalizing problems including; irritability, anxiety/depression, isolation and physical symptoms, and externalizing problems such as; aggression in experimental groups (p<0.05). Regarding the findings of present research, it seems that art therapy can be utilized as an effective and efficient therapeutic intervention to diminish the behavioral and emotional problems in children with poor caregiver.

The purpose of this research was to predict achievement motivation through hardiness and social support in female high school students. Method of research was correlation. The statistical population of the present research comprised the female high school students in No.9 educational district of Tehran city. The research sample consisted of 70 students that were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method. Herman's Achievement Motivation Scale (1970), Lang and Goulet hardiness Questionnair (2003) and Social Support Questionnaire (friend and family scale) (1983) were used to gather data. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analyses and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results indicated that hardiness (r= 0.561), social support of family (r=0.549) and social support of friends (r=0.408) were related to achievement motivation. The results of multiple regression analyses indicated that hardiness (P

A review of previous papers makes it evident that mental disorder is considered to be the product of multiple factors. Among multiple factors involved in psychopathology, this article examines the role of culture. Cultural practices and beliefs may influence coping with psychological distress and sometimes assist to cope with mental disorder. On the other hand these cultural factors can be the source of distress and conflict and underlie the mental disorders. The influence of cultural factors in psychopathology is the extent to which even the expression of psychological symptoms and seeking to treatment are influenced by person's cultural setting. Furthermore, these cultural influences can pose a challenge for mental health professionals. The psychologist's task is to assess, formulate, diagnose and intervene effectively in the context of mental disorders. For the interventions to be effective, they should be culturally appropriate, acceptable and also ethical. To plan a effective treatment and relevant to cultural setting, professionals should consider the client's cultural setting for assessment and treatment of psychological disorders. In this article, it's tried to examine the role of culture in etiology, Presentation of symptoms and Treatment Seeking. Cultural considerations in the assessment and treatment of mental disorders have also been studied.

The aim of this research was to predict rumination based on social and emotional adjustments in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The research employed a correlational method. The statistical population comprised all patients with OCD who referred to public therapeutic clinics in Tehran in 2012. The sample consisted of 50 patients who were selected by available sampling method from patients who referred to Emam Hossein hospital. Ruminative Response Scale and Bell Adjustment Inventory were used to gather data. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analyses and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of multiple regression analyses indicated that social and emotional maladjustment can predict rumination significantly (P<0.05). So, using treatments to help patients to reduce their social and emotional adjustments, we can prevent rumination in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.