حمیدرضا علیپور

One of the most effective people in the criminal process are the judicial officers who arrest the accused in the process of discovering the crime. The criminal laws governing the phase under consideration generally require the observance of some defense rights of the accused (rights of the accused) in the proceedings. The answer to the degree of compliance of the governing principles with international standards and its level in the laws of Iran, England and America forms the purpose of the article. The method of collecting information and data is provided in a library and document manner and from various sources. Information is analyzed in an argumentative, rational and inferential way. The findings showed that the basic and normal laws of the three countries of Iran, England and America refer to the studied principles; Except that the United States Constitution has silenced the presumption of innocence and Iran's common law has limited the principle of access to a lawyer. Also, by not specifying the period under observation in American law and the need to introduce the accused to the judicial authority quickly and without undue delay, this country has taken a step forward in respect of the rights and freedoms of the accused. The results show that keeping under observation is an action against the principle of respecting people's freedoms and is an exception. The principles and rules of proceedings, which require the observance of certain defense rights in the stage under consideration, make the transition from this stage easy and minimize the material and moral damages of the accused and the suspect. Each of the principles governing the stage under consideration is necessary and binding on each other, and the dependence between them prevents law enforcers from failing to implement these principles and the secondary rights recognized at this stage.

The Constitution of Iran also considers the provision of all-round rights of men and women and the creation of fair judicial security for everyone as one of the general duties of the government, and in the third chapter (the rights of the nation) by mentioning the manifestations of the fundamental right to security, it provides guarantees for revival and continuity. It has been stipulated. One of the most important branches of this right is the right of the accused to defend himself in rejecting the lawsuit or unjust accusations before the judicial authorities. In other words, the right to defense is the right by which a person can deny the criminal behavior or legal claims against him, which are attributed to him based on the complaints of individuals or by the competent police and judicial authorities, with all the legal possibilities and methods. to do In order to achieve a fair trial, we need to implement several principles and rules in the five stages of the procedure, i.e. crime detection, prosecution, preliminary investigation, trial and sentence execution. In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the protection of the right to litigate and defend citizens through competent justice, judicial independence and the responsibility of judges and the judicial system and criminal justice is guaranteed through the implementation of the principle of acquittal, legal prosecution and the principle of fair trial.

Innovation in the banking industry will lead to the development and agility of this industry.As financial markets are evolving and constantly evolving with the growth of technology and based on the age of information and communication, we have to transform banking intelligence to better adapt to such markets.However, this research was compiled with the aim of investigating the solutions for the development of banking intelligence in improving the financial performance of banks.This research is "descriptive-survey"in terms of method and"applied" in terms of purpose.The statistical population is 850 employees of National Bank of Gilan province.The samples were selected by non-random sampling of the available type, according to Morgan's table, 170 people were selected.A researcher-made questionnaire based on the Likert scale was used to collect data. Based on the results of factor analysis, three main factors were selected, the first factor explains 56.107% of the total variance and contains 11 research items and is more important in improving the bank's performance.The second factor explains 7.425% of the total variance and the 7 items located in it are of secondary importance.The third factor explains only 5.970% of the total variance and the 4 items included in it are less important than the other items. According to the study conducted in the field of development of banking intelligence, in order to improve the performance of banks, basic attention should be paid to "regulatory, neobank and recommender system, risk management, campaign design to increase customer interaction and improve banking efficiency in stabilizing the bank's position".

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in neuronal death and memory loss as it progresses. Following the progression of this disease, the production of free radicals and inflammatory factors occurs and it is now increasingly widespread, especially among the elderly. Studies show that Bornyl acetate, as a monoterpene, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the present study aims at assessing the effects of Bornyl acetate on AD male Wistar rats. Aβ1-42 was injected into the hippocampus of male rats bilaterally to create the Alzheimer's model. The therapeutic as well as the preventive effects of Bornyl acetate at a dosage (50, 20 mg/kg) were also investigated. Moreover, biochemical enzymes, SOD and MDA, shuttle box behavioral test, histological studies and hematoxylin & eosin and thioflavin-S staining were used to evaluate neurogenesis and amyloid plaques and the effects of short-term restraint stress on AD rats as well as the effects of the compound in vitro. Biochemical factors, histological images and behavioral test of the AD group were significantly different from the control groups and AD group showed a significant decline in learning and memory indices compared with the control group. Also, receiving a Bornyl acetate caused a significant increase in neurogenesis and a significant decrease in plaque density as well as significant changes in biochemical indices and behavioral tests. In addition, Bornyl acetate + restraint stress (R) group elevated learning speed and improved memory compared with the AD group. Notably, the above combination reduced amyloid fibrils in vitro. It seems that this compound can improve memory disorders and complications according to the results of the present study and previous reports suggest the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Bornyl acetate.

The purpose of the Integrated Natural Resources Management program in the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENARID) is to bring national investment projects in the field of Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM). The impact evaluation study tests whether the selected technology has significantly contributed to restore and maintain of the ecosystem functions and productivity, and whether has improved the economic and social well-being of the targeted communities. We chose Kamkooyeh Village in the Behabad County where a "Village Development Group" (VDG) has been established by following participatory and capacity building approaches such as social mobilization and micro credit mechanism. A set of complementary activities and interventions were recommended and implemented in the site by consultation and active participation of the local communities and beneficiaries. One of the proposed interventions is rangelands rehabilitation project (RRP). The expected benefits and costs of the RRP were predicted through financial valuation and an ex-ante evaluation of socioeconomic impacts. The financial and social benefit-cost ratio of RRP was estimated to be about 0.97 and 2.15, respectively.

Theft threaten the sosial and economic security of the citizens.this phenomenon can impose certain mental and physical damages on the victims which can turn into insecurity in society.the present study trise to investigate the effects of situational preventive measures on the burglary.this is an analytic applied research.192 of the burglary victims formed the statistical sample of the study.question naire was used to collect the required data.the findings demonstrated that the situatonal preventive measures were significantly effective in burglary rate.the most important factors leading to burglary were shown to include:disregarding the safety principles such as not using locks,alarms,cvvt,guard:distance frome police patrol and residential areas.

Growth and development investment is always important purposes of the governments. In today's highly competitive world, it is a major challenge of rich and poor countries, Therefore, this paper has identified and classified some of the factors affecting on the growth and development investment.In the second stage of the remediation measures 19 indicators were identified and classified into five general factors .The next step technique AHP questionnaire , 41 people who were a group of professors and experts in the field of economics and management, priority and importance of each index was determined. Finally, we have been ranked according to indicators, will provide recommendations for the improvement and expansion of investment

Fifteen multiparous cows with mean weight 630+50 and 50+ 40 DIM were selected for comparison of different levels of soybean and allocated randomly to three treatments. The rations were fed to cows as total mixed ration and ad libitum. The cows were and milked three times a day and daily milk yield was recorded while milk samples taken once per week for determination of milk composition and samples of rumen liquor and blood were taken at the last week of experiment. Dry matter intake increased with increasing of soybean levels. The average of milk yield with respect to the rations 1-3 were 29. 9، 28. 9 and 28. 7 and fat corrected milkyield for 4% fat were 27. 4، 29. 2 and 28. 7 kg per day respectively. That it wasn’t significantly different. Milk composition including fat، protein، solid non fat and total solid percent were not affected. Treatments had no significant effect on feces PH and rumen pH. The average of weight change to body weight was 0. 2، 1. 8 and 4. 2 that was not significantly different. Chewing activity (minute per day) was numerically decreased in second diet، but chewing activity to dry matter intake was significantly decreased in second diet. Concentration of calcium، cholesterol، albumin، total protein، urea nitrogen، T3 and T4 in blood of cows receiving different diets were not different، while concentration of glucose and phosphorus in blood were different.

One of the requirements in the formation of the economic structure in the health sector is reforming and applying new methods for budgeting and budget allocation in the health sector of Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The purpose of the current study which has been conducted in the units of Health Service of Gilan University of Medical Sciences is to compare Traditional Budgeting with Zero-Based Budgeting Method. The present study is characterized as applied, descriptive and analytical research that conducted in a retrospective way (financial year, 2011). The statistical population of the study is composed of all the heath centers supervised by Gilan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Examining the budgeting method of the studied units was carried out through reviewing the printed, electronic, and web-based documents as well as observing, and interviewing with experts. Data analysis was also conducted via Excel Software 2007. According to Zero-Based Budgeting method, 1.116 billion Rials is needed, out of which 694 billion Rials should be accounted in the rural health program, and 422 billion Rials in the urban health program. Moreover, the budget set for the health sector of the studied units was estimated to be 494 billion Rials. The results of this study in the framework of the examined factors indicated that Zero-Based Budgeting method is superior to the Traditional method. Accordingly, planning for giving priority to this type of budgeting method and its implementation seem to be necessary.

. With regard to the interactions between brain and spleen, in this research, the effect of splenectomy on PTZ-induced epilepsy in Wistar rats was studied . In this study, 48 male and female wistar rats were used in 3 groups. Experimental groups for each of the two sexes included the negative control, positive control and splenectomy. Negative controls did not undergo surgery. The incision was created in the positive control group, but the spleen was not removed. The spleen was removed in splenectomy group. After seven days, PTZ was injected and the ‌initiation time of different convulsive stages in terms of seconds and score of seizures in the three groups with the same gender were compared using one-way ANOVA.. Second stage of convulsive seizures in the splenectomy group of male rats in comparison with control groups decreased significantly. Fourth stage of seizure in female splenectomized rats in comparison with negative control group decreased significantly. Also score terms of seizures in both male and female rats were not significantly different in the three groups.. Splenectomy intensifies PTZ-induced seizures in Wistar rats.

In the literature of rural development, many programs and strategies have already been paid attention by national and international institutions and organizations. Nowadays, in reaching sustainable rural development, the strategy of unified rural development has once again been one of the influential strategies for materializing sustainable development with a newer flavor after a period of indolence. The programs of health village is one the strategies for sustainable rural development. In addition to emphasizing the therapeutic and hygienic issues, these programs have also tackled the other facets of development. The purpose of present study is to introduce the strategy of health village in the frame of cooperatives as a tool to arrive at rural development. To do so, the study has first introduced the strategy in a library research; then, it has surveyed the objectives and approaches of this strategy. Finally, the study has dealt with the common features of this program with cooperative principles in order to implement these programs in cooperative skeleton.

Today, the discussion of globalization and increasing competition, quality, etc. has created new challenges for the governments and organizations. One of the ways to cope with these challenges is resorting to entrepreneurship and developing it through small firms which, with their specific characteristics, have a significant role in the economy of the countries. Studies indicate that these companies, too, are faced with problems in their activities. On the other hand, entrepreneurship is carried out by the human power of the organization, and one of the topics that has always accompanied human beings is the discussion of justice. The study of justice in organizations, which is called organizational justice, consists of four dimensions, namely distributional justice, procedural justice, interpersonal justice, and informational justice. In this research, organizational entrepreneurship and organizational justice are considered as the independent and dependent variables, respectively, and the relationship between each of the organizational justice dimensions and the organizational entrepreneurship has been tested. The results of testing the hypotheses show that all the four dimensions of organizational justice have a significant and positive relationship with organizal entrepreneurship in these firms, and some suggestions have been presented in this regard.

Insufficient infra-structure investment, poor interaction between manufacturing sector and academic circles, among others, are significant factors involved in soaring unemployment rate in the past few years. Economic activists propose a variety of solutions therefore, including empowering large-scale enterprises. The current research paper is an attempt to take into account the feasibility of organizing large-scale enterprises on a cooperative basis and thus, rendering them more efficient. The paper is a survey using a questionnaire as well as a documentary approach. Out of 1076 functional cooperatives across the province, the statistical population comprises 70 functional ones. The survey results show that the factors involved in empowering small and medium enterprises, in the order of significance, are: working capital, machinery and equipments, skilled labor, capable market, inputs, production increase and quality, and facilities.

Breast cancer is one of the female’s general cancers and one reason of mortality among them. Regarding the Cyclooxygenase role (COX) and the production of prostaglandinE2 in causing tumor damages in mammary glands, it can be effective to apply components as COX inhibitor to prevent gland cancer. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate flunixin as unselected Cyclooxygenase inhibitor enzymes to reveal mammary gland cancer in female Wistar rat. The research was conducted to evaluate the role of flunixin as selective preventative of cyclooxygenase in the emergence of breast glands cancer in mice (Wistar race). The experiment groups included a negative control group (for which salin was injected on the breast glands with sesame oil) and a positive control group (to which we injected different values of flunixin). The sample included six rats. In order to inoculate the cancer, we used a compound called DMBA. This compound was injected into the breast glands directly. Then, the entire animal breast was studied in respect to the appearance of cancer damages (weight and diameter) in breast glands and the appearance of clinical symptoms. At the end of the research, we analyzed autopsy findings and microscopy sections of tumor damages in the samples of all groups. In this study, tumor’s weight and thickness decreased in medicine receiving groups, (p≤0.05), and microscopic slice of mammary tissue confirmed the microscopic findings. This study confirms the positive effect of the drug in treating and preventing the mammary cancer in such a way that the microscopically slices provided from breast tissues in the experimental groups (drug receiving groups) indicate that cell cancers are decreasing so that the cells tend to gain their own normal order again.