حوزه آبخیز اسکندری

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) refers to non-material benefits and non-physical contact of humans with the watershed. Among the indicators of CES are aesthetic and spiritual values, a sense of place and inspiration, and knowledge system and educational values. First, humans understand the environment based on their culture and then receive non-material benefits from the ecosystem. On the other hand, tourism is one of the activities that have an impact on the culture and services of ecosystems. Actually; tourism is an economic, cultural, and social phenomenon that is related to the movement of people to a place outside their place of residence. Tourism can have different effects such as changes in values, people's behaviour, communal life relationships, lifestyle, security levels, etc. In this regard; considering this importance, the current research was conducted to assess the effect of tourism activities on the components of CES Eskandari Watershed located upstream of the Zayandeh Roud dam watershed. This watershed is located in Isfahan province and includes the cities of Boein and Miandasht, Tiran-Koron, Chadgan, Khansar, Fereidan, and Fereidon Shahr.

 The current research is of applied and descriptive-analytical type, its data has been collected through library methods, observation, and field studies, including questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Based on this; after examining the tourism attractions of the study area, to evaluate the effect of tourism on CES, indicators were designed in the form of a questionnaire based on the Likert spectrum. The Likert spectrum includes answers from very little (1) to very much (5). In the following, the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by expert specialists. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the investigated indicators. Cronbach's alpha for a sense of place, aesthetic and spiritual values, and knowledge system and educational values indicators were obtained as 0.85, 0.93, and 0.88, respectively. Then, by surveying the area, tourists were asked to complete the questionnaires. Finally, the analysis of the collected data and statistical comparison was done using the one-sample t-test in SPSS software. In the next step; to evaluate CES in Eskandari Watershed, the number of people visiting natural tourism areas was also used. In this regard; first, the number of visitors was calculated, and then to express the dimensionless tourism index, the range from zero to one was classified into four categories with the same range.

The research results indicate that in total, tourism activities have played an effective role in the CES. Of course, this effect is not the same in different dimensions and the indicators of CES including aesthetic and spiritual values, sense of place and inspiration, and knowledge system and educational values, respectively, have been assigned the first to third priority. In this regard; to measure the sense of place and inspirations, the indicators of tourists' interest intensification, increasing the value of the region, emotions, more visits and more sense of responsibility of tourists were used. The aesthetic values include spatial diversity, correcting the defects and defects of the spaces, increasing the quality and beauty, increasing the physical identity and the apparent order of the space of the region. In addition; the indicators of more respect for social laws, increase in responsibility and courage to express thoughts, more respect for the rights of others, adherence of tourists to the promotion of peace and human rights laws, and improving the knowledge of tourists on how to use natural resources are related to the component of the knowledge system and educational values. Also, the results of the significance test indicated the significant effect of tourism activities on CES components (P=0.05). In addition, the number of people visiting tourist areas after tourism activities has been evaluated positively. In this regard, the cities of Fereidon shahr, Khansar, Chadgan, Fereidan, Boein and Miandasht, and Tiran and Koron respectively, have received the most tourists.

 In total; the greatest impact of tourism activities on the indicators of increasing the quality and beauty of the region (30.00), more visits by tourists as a result of tourism activities (28.30), and more respect for the rights of others with an average of 23.50. In addition, the number of people visiting tourist areas after tourism activities has been evaluated positively. Actually; tourism activities in this area have caused people to get more connected to natural tourism areas, so that all their imaginations, feelings, and enthusiasm to visit the area are affected by tourism activities. However; since the mentioned effects are far from the ideal level, to influence the tourism activities in the region, it is suggested to strengthen the supervisory and executive mechanisms and planning according to the potentials of the region along with the creation of infrastructure for tourism and ecotourism.

In order to manage watersheds, especially in mountainous areas that are not adequately station  hydrological phenomena simulation is important. In this study, the SWAT model used to simulate hydrologic basin Eskandari. Calibration and validation of models for the periods 2006-1992 and 2009-2015, respectively, using the algorithm SUFI2 in software SWAT CUP was done. To evaluate the simulation results of the index R2, bR2, NS was used. In the calibration coefficients, R2, bR2 and NS, respectively, 0.76, 0.53 and 0.76 in the validation, 0.56, 0.29 and 0.52 was obtained. Sensitivity analysis showed that 23 parameters affecting runoff curve number was identified as the most important parameters and parameters constant groundwater discharge, Groundwater delay time and soil available water to more sensitive respectively. Indicators and charts obtained simulate monthly runoff rate, indicating that the calibration of the model has been more successful. The model has been able to determine the time of peak flow well, but peak flow estimates are higher than the actual values, which can be attributed to the distribution of rain gauge stations and the interpolation of rainfall.

The exceedingly fast trend of climatic changes in recent decades that are mainly caused by industrial activities along with population growth have taken necessitated prediction of changes for the future. The impact of changes in climate on temperature and precipitation in a sub-basin of Zayandehrud (Eskandari) for the 2020 decade is predicted in this research study. The Lars-WG model is used for downscaling Had-CM3 predictions into station scale. Results of running the models show an annual increase equal to 1 degree centigrade in temperature، while a 7. 2% decrease in precipitation will occur. These changes in temperature and precipitation will be more significant during the summer time. Thus، it is expected that we shall have to find ways to deal with serious water shortages in the next decade during this season. Keywords: climate change، Eskandari، Lars-WG، Downscaling، HadCM3 Model.