پروین رامک

This research measured and analyzed forest ground vegetation in permanent plots of typical and exclosure areas in the Zagros provinces, providing the possibility for long-term monitoring of quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation. In total, 30 one-hectare square sample plots and 600 one-meter square microplots were studied along the Zagros, with floristic and environmental data related to tree and forest floor measured and recorded. According to the results, 370 species were identified in the ground vegetation and 20 species of phanerophytes. The most abundant families in exclosure and typical sites were Asteraceae and Poaceae, respectively. Sixty-six percent of the ground vegetation population belonged to the Poaceae family, with the most populated genus being Bromus, comprising 25% of all plant individuals. The largest genus was Astragalus (with 18 species), and its population was about 2.5 times higher in exclosure sites than in typical sites. The average percentage of ground cover (51.2%) and litter cover (34.3%) in exclosure plots was significantly higher than in typical plots (37.6% for ground cover and 25.2% for litter cover). The number of phanerophyte species in the exclosure area was significantly greater than in the typical area, while the difference for other life forms was insignificant. The comparison of diversity indices for ground species in the exclosure and typical plots showed no significant difference between these two groups. In general, the relative protection implemented in some parts of the Zagros, although it did not affect ground species diversity indices, did affect ground vegetation cover, litter cover, species composition, and phanerophyte species.

Reproduction (regeneration) is a fundamental process that drives the dynamics of a forest, occurring continuously in a healthy and natural forest with a specific spatial and temporal pattern. Natural regeneration poses significant challenges in Zagros forests, Iran. This research was undertaken to examine and analyze the current state of reproduction of tree and shrub species in the monitoring sample plots of Zagros forests. This study, while scrutinizing the species composition, origin, distribution curves, and health of seedlings and saplings, explores the interrelationship between reproduction and nurse species. It will serve as the foundation for long-term studies that determine the temporal changes in reproduction and its characteristics in the Zagros forests.

This research was conducted in the permanent monitoring plots of Zagros, spanning from West Azerbaijan to Fars province. A total of 120 sample plots of 100 square meters were studied within these plots. Each province had 30 studied sites in the typical forests, with 10 of them located in the protected forests. The variables studied included reproduction density by species, origin and type of reproduction, nurse species, height of seedling, terminal bud, and health status of reproduction. A height of 0.5 meters was set as the criterion to distinguish reproduction. The t-test was used to compare parametric data in two groups, while the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for non-parametric data.

In the studied area, the reproduction of 20 forest tree and shrub species was recorded, and the density of seedlings and saplings was calculated to be 366 plants per hectare. However, the reproduction was not uniformly distributed, with 37% of the sample plots lacking reproduction. The abundance distribution diagram in the height classes revealed a decrease in the number of oak (Quercus spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) reproduction with a height of less than 5 cm. Of the total number of recorded reproduction, 72.5% originated from seeds and 25% were shoots. Overall, 66% of reproduction was dependent on nurses, with oak, hawthorn, stone, and rock playing the greatest roles as nurses. Stones and rocks played a more significant role in the revival of seedlings. Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey.) Boiss., Q. infectoria Oliv., and Q. libani Oliv. had the highest dependence on the nurse, while Pyrus spp., Daphne mucronata Royle, and Crataegus spp. had the least dependence on nurse species. Reproduction sheltered by nurses was significantly healthier than those without nurses. Also, reproduction sheltered by stones and rocks had a higher health rate than reproduction sheltered by trees, although this difference was not significant. Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, and Acer monspessulanum L. had the worst condition in terms of reproduction. Despite the presence of mature trees, they had no reproduction (L. nummulariifolia and F. angustifolia) or had very low reproduction (A. monspessulanum). The results showed that the number of reproduction in protected sites was higher than non-protected sites. Although this difference was not significant, the reproduction in the protected sites was significantly healthier.

The results indicated that the reproduction in the Zagros forests is not in a normal situation. However, given suitable spatial and temporal conditions, reproduction occurs and establishes. Although in conditions of disturbance and overgrazing, reproduction attempts to survive by taking shelter near stones, pits, or under thorny shrubs, the conservation of the forest stand by maintaining the tree canopy (oak, hawthorn, and other species) and the forest’s natural structure provides the best conditions for the establishment and survival of reproduction, thereby ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem.

Considering the importance of Mosir as a medicinal-industrial plant, this research was conducted to investigate the different planting and harvesting methods’ effect on the plant’s quantitative and qualitative characteristics in the Lorestan province.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design for three years (2017-2020) in the Aligudarz County. The methods of manual and machine planting, and planting distance of 10 and 15 cm were investigated. Additionlly, the economic performance of the different methods was evaluated.

The resulted demonstrated no significant difference in leaf width among the studied treatments, but displayed a significant difference in plant height at the level of 1%. The mean comparison showed that the wet and dry yield in different treatmenst had significant differences. The highest yield (847g/m2) was obtained in the second year with the machine method and the lowest yield (636g/m2) was obtained in the third year with manual planting. The dry matter yield was achieved at a planting distance of 10cm (185.633 g/m2) and a planting distance of 15cm (178.611g/m2) and the dry matter yield was obatiend in the machine planting method (199.91g/m2) and the manual planting method (164.33g/m2).The economic evaluation of the results indicated that the average costs are 19% lower in the machine cultivation method compared to the manual planting method.    

The overall results highlighted income increase and cost reduction in the planting and harvesting of Mosir with the machine method. Moreover, the mechanized planting and harvesting of Mosir was executed much faster compared to the manual planting and harvesting of this plant.

Chitosan is a polysaccharide that elicits numerous defense responses in plants and affects the growth rate and increasing the production of secondary metabolites. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a medical herb, has many varieties in terms of morphology and secondary compounds. Considering the growing trend of salinity and the its risks and the importance of basil in the pharmaceutical and food industries, this study was conducted to investigate the role of chitosan on some physiological and biochemical properties and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme in basil under salinity stress.

After chitosan treatments at a concentration of 200 mg/L, plants were exposed to four levels of NaCl salinity stress, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM. The activity of PAL enzyme, physiological and biochemical responses were investigated under the effect of the interaction between chitosan and concentrations of salinity stress.

The salinity stress has negative effects on total chlorophyll and carotenoid whereas it increased flavonoid content. In addition, chitosan at high salinity levels had a positive effect on total chlorophyll, and at all salinity levels increased carotenoids content. Catalase and peroxidase enzymes and potassium content of basil also increased in chitosan treatments, which indicates an increase defense response to salinity in plant. Chitosan also increased PAL enzyme activity, as an important parameter in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which it increased the amount of methyl cavicol of essential oil. In general, the application of chitosan has an effect on the secondary compounds in basil to improve salt-stress tolerance.

One of the major problems in poplar cultivation is the existence of low-yielding poplar species and their traditional cultivation, which reduce wood production per unit area. To identify the most productive and adaptable clones to local climate and introduce them for mass wood production, ten clones of open-crown poplar based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates and planting spacing (4m × 4m), were selected and evaluated in Khorramabad Agricultural Garden Station for five years (2012-2015). Analysis of variance showed that the year and clone factors had a significant effect on height, diameter and volume increment. The mean comparisons showed that the highest (1.56 m) and lowest (0.77 m) of height increment belonged to Populus euramericana455 clone and Populus x interamericanes clone respectively. Also, the Populus euramericana455 clone had the maximum diameter increment (9.95cm) and Populus x interamericanes clone had the minimum (6/95) diameter increment. The Populus euramericana455 and Populus x interamericanes clones had the highest (8.85 cm) and lowest (1.16 cm) of volume increment in the fifth year respectively. In terms of pest resistance and wood production, Populus deltoides 63/10, Populus deltoids and Populus x costanzo had a better conditions.

In this split plot study, the morphological and phytochemical changes of Iranian Salvia (Salvia mirzayanii L.) under drought stress and cerium oxide nanoparticle treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications were investigated. The main plot included drought stress at 4 levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100 (control) percentage of the field capacity (FC).  The sub-plot was foliar spray of Cerium oxide nanoparticle at five levels of non-consumption (control), 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ml/l. Essential oils were extracted from the organs using water distillation method and the compounds were separated and identified using GC/MS. The results showed that the interaction effect of conditions without drought stress × 1000 ml of nanocerium oxide compared to the control treatment had the greatest effect on increasing plant height (35%), root length (22%), root dry weight (14.9%), essential oil (19%), chlorophyll a (32%), chlorophyll b (31%) and catalase (16%). In addition, drought stress at the level of 25% in 125 ml nano cerium oxide decreased plant dry weight (12%), root length (13%), root dry weight (19%), essential oil percentage (10%), and chlorophyll a (14%). Based on the GS/MS results, decane compound (19.53%) in the condition without drought stress, the compounds of spatholeol (35.86%), docane (18.4%), butanic acid (19.8%) and linalool (25.03%) under condition of stress dryness of 50% field capacity and octane (13.76%) were included. Therefore, the concentration of 1000 mg/liter of cerium nanooxide had the greatest effect on improving the morphophysiological characteristics of Salvia. However, in the condition of 50% field capacity, the secondary compounds of spatholeol, dodecane, butanic acid and linalool were the highest, but in the condition of 75% of the field capacity, the highest amount belonged to the secondary compounds of octane, trimethyl and hexylisovalerate.

Picris strigosa is a valuable forage species in mountainous rangelands of Lorestan province, Iran, which produces suitable forage for sheep grazing. The aim of this study was to determine the allowable use and grazing tolerance of this species. For this purpose, 50 individuals of P. strigosa were selected in its typical habitat and marked for monitoring after applying four levels of harvesting intensities including control (0%), 25, 50, and 75% of the annual production during 2007–2011. Treatments were investigated by clipping and weighing method every month from May to July in vegetation period. The results showed a significant difference in terms of forage production between treatments (P≤0.01). The highest and lowest forage production with average values of 42.45g and 15.23 g per plant were obtained in 0% harvesting rate (control) and 75% intensity rate, respectively. In other words, harvesting higher than 50% coupled with early grazing (April and May, in accordance with the local pattern and research method of this article) weakens the individuals. Continuation of this process also increases the mortality of the individuals (death of 30% of the stands at a harvest intensity rate of 75%). Due to the sensitivity of the species to early grazing, it was recommended that for such a dominant species, livestock should enter the pasture in early June. Maximum forage production in control and the fast reduction in forage production of 75% treatment emphasize that overgrazing of this species would completely eliminate it from the field. It was concluded that P. strigosa is sensitive to grazing and its sensitivity should be considered in rangeland management plans.

Unfavorable environmental conditions result in stress in plants and so disrupt their growth and survival. Today, soil microorganisms, especially fungi and growth-promoting bacteria, involved in various biological processes in plant growth and soil nutrient cycling, are suggested to reduce the effects of environmental stress.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and biological inputs on vegetative characteristics of Celtis caucasica (diameter and height growth, root length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, and seedling colonization), a factorial experiment (Mycorrhizal factors in two levels of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and without inoculation (control), bacteria in four levels of Pseudomonas, Azpyrilum, Azotobacter and control treatments, and drought stress at three levels of field capacity (80, 60 and 40%) was performed in a complete randomized block design and four replications in the greenhouse of the Natural Resources Office in Lorestan Province.

The results showed that the highest diameter growth of Celtis caucasica L. seedlings was observed at moderate drought stress in Pseudomonas-fungi and Azotobacter-fungi treatments with an average of 0.554 and 0.525 mm, respectively. The highest height growth was observed at moderate drought stress in Pseudomonas-fungi and Azotobacter-fungi treatments with an average of 21.55 and 20.55 cm, respectively. The highest leaf area was observed at low drought stress in Pseudomonas-fungi and then with Azotobacter-fungi with an average of 116 and 116/75 cm2, respectively. The least of these traits was observed in high drought stress in the control group and azosperyllium treatment. The highest and lowest root length was observed at moderate drought stress in Pseudomonas and Azotobacter treatments, and at low drought stress in the control group and Pseudomonas-fungi treatments, respectively. The highest root fresh weight was observed at moderate drought stress in Azotobacter and Pseudomonas with an average of 16.7916 and 16.7941 g, respectively. The lowest values were obtained at low and moderate drought stress for the control group. The highest and lowest root dry weight was observed at high drought stress in Azotobacter and Pseudomonas treatments, and at low drought stress in control and Azospirillum-fungi treatments, respectively. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoot were obtained at moderate drought stress in Pseudomonas-fungi and Azotobacter-fungi treatments, and the lowest was observed at low drought stress in control and azosperyllium treatments. The highest percentage of colonization was observed in low drought stress in Pseudomonas-fungi and Azotobacter-fungi treatments with an average of 44. 175 and 42.675%, respectively; and the lowest was observed at high drought stress in the control group with 26.42% and azosperyllium treatments, with 26.695%.

Microbial and fungal factors and their interactions increase root colonization, plant growth characteristics, and water uptake and thus increase plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions such as drought stress.

Allium jesdianum is an important and endangered medicinal plant that main habitats are located in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. In this study, onion of three ecotypes including Kakareza, Zalaghi and Meleh, which are grown in different geographical and climate conditions in Lorestan province, were collected. The collected onions were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the spring of the next year, plants are grown on the field and natural habitats were sampled to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil, soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm depth in each of the habitats and the farm, with three replications. The characteristics included quantitative and qualitative of essential oils, antioxidant activity total protein, vitamin C, non-structural sugars, and nutritional elements (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and zinc) of the shoots. The results showed that Dimethyl Trisulfide, Dipropyl trisulfide, Di-2-propenyl tetrasulfide, Hexadecanoic acid, and Pentacosane are the major components of the Allium jesdianum essential oil. The percentage of essential oil components was a significant difference (p<0.01) between wild and cultivated ecotypes. The maximum yield of essential oil (0.22%) was observed in wild plants from Mela habitat, and the minimume yield of essential oil (12.2%) was recorded in wild plants from Zalaghi habitat. Although the essential oil yield was significantly different between wild ecotypes, but there are no significant differences between these ecotypes at the farm. The highest amount of phosphorus (4.5 mg/g DW), zinc (2.3 μg/g DW), manganese (2.46 μg/g DW), non-structural sugars (45.66 mg/g DW), and total protein (8.83 mg/g DW) was observed in the cultivated ecotype of Meleh. Kakareza ecotype in habitat had the highest amount of vitamin C (80.66 mg/100 g FW) and antioxidant activity (IC50=42 μg/mL).

The present research aims to investigate the effect of temporal succession on the biological operation of planting Haloxylon persicum on the functional characteristics of rangelands in Khaf County. Three rangelands in which H. persicum planting operations were performed at different ages of 10, 20 and 30 years, and the control area were selected. Sampling along 3 transects of 100 meters, located 10 meters apart, were measured and analyzed for each area and a total of 12 transects. Using the function analysis method, three characteristics of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycle were measured using 11 soil surface indexes. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the succession times for biological restoration from the functional point of view (P <0.01). The highest degree of stability and infiltration is related to the H. persicum range of 30 years old and the smallest of it belongs to the control area. There is a significant difference between the biological regeneration time of H. persicum planting and the control area in terms of nutrient cycle index (P <0.01). The highest levels of nutrients are related to the 30-year-old H. persicum, 20-year-old H. persicum, 10-year-old H. persicum, and the control area. In general, the results of the present study indicate positive biologic effects on the characteristics of the rangeland function, and these positive effects are evident in increasing the functional indexes over time.

In this study, aerial parts of Artemisia persica in blooming satage were collected from Noor Abad Research Farm (Lorestan province, Iran) in the summer of 2017. Essential oils of plants were extracted by water distillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods and were analyzed by using GC/MS device. Antifungal properties of essential oils were evaluated on Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains by broth microdilution method. Antioxidant activity of the essential oils was also evaluated by two free radical scavenging tests, viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Essential oil yields were 1.7% and 1.7-5.7% in water distillation and SFE methods, respectively. Major compounds identified in the SFE method were Davanone (29%), lacintafuran H (18.1%), C-artedoglacia oxide (8.5%), and neurodevnet (7.6%). Davanone (22%), lacintaphoran G (7.1%), and D-artedoglacia oxide (6%) were the predominant compounds detected in water distillation method. The essential oil extracted by water distillation had the highest antifungal effects on E. floccosum and T. montagrophytes strains with MFC and MIC of 32 µg/mL. Water extracted essential oil presented the highest free radical scavenging capacity in DPPH and ABTS tests with IC50 values of 20.32 and 14.23 μg/ml, respectively.

Allium jesdianum is an endemic species of Iran that unfortunately, in recent years due to uncontrolled harvesting, had put it on to the endangered list. This research was carried out based on nested design with three replications from eight habitats including; Gamasiab, Kakareza, Peresk, Zalaghi, Venaei, Meleh, Serenge and Kamandan in the Lorestan province for two years. The results showed that Venaei habitat had the highest fresh (10.65 g) and dry weight (4.1 g). Soil texture of this habitat was Sandy clay loam and higher organic matter and potassium content than other habitats. The highest plant height (41.16 cm) was recorded in kakareza in the first year. The Soil of this habitat rich in phosphorus. Phenological growth stages (vegetative growth, flowering and seedling) of Allium jesdianum in Mela habitat, located in south of the Lorestan province was earlier than other habitats. The results showed that the time calendar and the time duration of the phenological stages were different in habitats. The growth degree days (GDD) was for the seeding stage was more than the other phonological stages and the highest GDD for this stage recorded in Kamandan, Azna (129.2 ºC) in the second year. The results of this research can be useful in proper management, breeding and domestication of this rare and endangered species.

In this research, symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and some of the medicinal plants such as: Artemisa aucheri, Mentha longifolia, Plantago lanceolata, Thymus kotschyanus, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Cychorium intybus were studied during the spring and autumn period for two years in Nojian Watershed. Noujian with the area of 34000 hectares is situated between the Eastern latitude of 48° 23̕ to 48° 40̕ and its Northern longitude ranges from 33° 17̕ to 33° 60̕ at Lorestan province in watershed of Dez dam. Soil and thin roots collected randomly from the depth of 0-30 cm of plant canopy area. Significant difference (p> 0.01) was found in phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium and organic matter in spring and autumn. Potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus showed significant negative correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and percentage colonization but magnesium was positively correlated with spore density and percentage colonization respectively; +0.61 and +0.48. Thymus kotschyanus showed the highest percentage root colonization and the highest number of spores were observed in rhizosphere of Ziziphora clinopodioides. The highest root colonization and spore numbers were observed in spring. Six species of Glomus genus contain G. microcarpum, G. etunicatum, G.macrocarpum, G. constrictum and G. geosporum were identified in the rhizosphere of selected medicinal plant species.

In order to identify the most productive and adaptable clones to local climate and introduce them to people for mass wood production, ten clones of Populus nigra L. were selected and were planted in Khorram Abad Agricultural Garden Station for five years (2010-2014). Variance analysis showed that the year and cologne factors had a significant impact on height, diameter, and volume increment. The result of mean comparisons showed that the highest (2.05 m) and lowest (0.14 m) of height increment were dedicated to P. nigra 63/135 clone in the fourth year and P. nigra 56/48 clone in the second year, respectively. Also the P. nigra 63/135 clone had the maximum diameter increment (2.57 cm) in the fifth year (2014) and P. nigra 56/48 clone had the minimum diameter increment in the second year. The P. nigra 63/135 and P. nigra 62/154 clones had the highest (7.18 cm) and lowest (0.4 cm) of volume increment in the fifth year, respectively. The qualitative study of different P. nigra clones showed that except for the P. nigra 56/72 and P. nigra 49/23clones which had low and moderate curved trunks, respectively, the other clones had smooth and straight trunks.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most important microorganisms of soil having an important role in soil fertility. In this research, the correlation between soil nutrient elements and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and spore numbers in the rhizosphere of Thymus kotschyamus Boiss. & Hohen. growing in the three regions (Taf, Vark and Kohkala) of Noujian watershed were studied during spring and autumn. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis were also determined on vegetative characteristics and essential oil yield of T. kotschyamus.The results indicated that magnesium significant positive correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density (.84) and percentage colonization (.92). Soil organic matter no significant linear correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and percentage colonization. Potassium negatively correlated with spore density and percentage colonization respectively; -0.85 and -0.90. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization significant linear correlation with dry weight (.79). Essential oil yield of T. kotschyamus positively correlated with that of spore density and percentage colonization respectively; .93 and .91. Given the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis and compilation this with soil elements, this information can be useful for development of medicinal plants in agricultural ecosystems.

Persian Artemisia with the scientific name of Artemisia persica is one of the most aromatic species of Artemisia in Iran. The aim of this investigationis to explore the habitat conditions and vegetation characteristics of A. persicain Lorestan province. The natural habitats of this species were identified during 3 years (2003-2005) in different regions of Lorestan province. The climatic data were collected from the nearest weather stations to the habitats of A. persica. The random-systematic method of sampling was followed and some of the quantitative parameters of the vegetation such as: the canopy cover and the density were measured. Some soil parameters such as texture, pH, EC, potassium, organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were determined. The annual phenology and the vegetative/reproductive stages of A. persicawere recorded for 3 years. The results indicated that the habitats of A. persicainin Lorestanprovince are spread between the latitudes of 34° 46ʹ 01″ N to 33° 50 61″ N and the longitudes of 48° 51ʹ 43″ E to 48° 10ʹ 43″ E, on the mainly northern slopes (30-60%) of the great Garin mountain range with an altitude of 1850-3600 m. The maximum amount of A. persica density (5600 stand per ha) was observed in Higrehregion and the plants in Islamabad region had the largest aerial canopy cover (39/6 cm)and the highest yield (80 kg ha-1). Persian Artemisia mainly grows on light textured soils (sandy or sandy loam) with low salinity and low alkalinity. The annual growth of A. persicabegins with the appearance of the first leaf buds in early April and the flowering starts with the first flower buds mainly in the early July and reaches its peak in the early August.

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is a native plant that is dispersed throughout southern Iran. This plant has been used as analgesic and antiseptic medication among the inhabitants of southern parts of Iran. Carvacrol as the main component of the wild S. khuzistanica (≤90%) has been found to have significant antioxidant properties. In this study, the shoot cultures of Satureja khuzestanica in LS medium were affected by different concentrations of FOS and MEV (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100µM) for 21 days. Then the Carvacrol content in different treatments was assayed by HPLC method. The level of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene expression in concentrations above and optimal concentration (75 µM) from zero to 100 hours was monitored by Semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. Our results showed that Concentrations in some inhibitors can have an influence on DXR expression and carvacrol contents. The changes observed in carvacrol can be considered as a result of different levels of DXR expression.

In this project، the vegetation of the Noujian Watershed located in Lorestan province was identified. Noujian Watershed with the area of 34000 hectares is situated between the eastern latitude of 48° 23̕ to 48° 40̕ and its northern longitude ranging from 33° 17̕ to 33° 60̕ at Lorestan province in the watershed of Dez dam. Minimum altitude of the region is 770 meters and its maximum reaches to 3012 meters. The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of regional floristic studies. Collected plants were recognized and determined as families، genera and species by using taxonomic method and required references. The plants of this region included 421 species which belonged to 241 genera and 56 families. The largest families respectively، were: Asteraceae (56 species)، Fabaceae (39 species)، Brassicaceae (34 species)، Lamiaceae (29 species)، Caryophylaceae (24 species)، Poaceae (23 species)، Lilaceae (22 species)، Ranunculuaceae (20 species)، Apiaceae (19 species)، Boraginaceae (17 species) and Rosaceae (15 species). The analyses of the geographical distribution of the plants wwas carried out according to Takhtajan and Zohary methods، showed that the Irano-Turanian elements، with 47% growth، were the dominant species of Noujian watershed and about 15% of these species were native of Iran. The species like Onosma Kotschyi، Cousinia Khorramabadensis، Echinops endotrichus، Morrina persica، Dionysia hausskenechtii and Bunium Lurestanicum exclusively grow in Zagros Mountains. Therophyts (36%) and geophytes (21%) were the dominant life-forms of Noujian watershed.

Artemisia persica Boiss. is traditionally used for antipyretic, antimalarial, antihemorrhagic antihepatit, anticomplementary, antiulcerogenin and antispasmodic from ancient times. This investigation was carried out for investigating the changes of quantity and quality of essential oil of Artemisia persica in field and provenance. This research started from 1383 and lasted two years. Using randomized complete block design with 4 replication and carried out in 2 locations (Norabad & Brojerd). In second year the aerial parts of plants were collected from Borojerd and Norabad Fields and Garin Mountain at the altitude of 2900 m. Extracted Essential oil by water distillation (3h). The yields of essential oils in Borojerd (0.7%), Norabad (0.5%) and Garin provenance (0.9%) were calculated. Analysis and identification of chemical compositions of the essential oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. In all 31 compounds laciniata furanone E (17/1%), artedouglasia oxide C (13/2%), trans-pinocarveol (10/2%), pinocarvone (8/5%), α-pinene (5/8%), 1,8-cineole (5/6%) were the main components of Artemisia persica in Garin provenance. Laciniata furanone E spread mostly in Borojerd and Norabad fields. Quantity of laciniata furanone E in field of Brojerd compared with Norabad was significantly different at 5% probability level. Analysis of data with MSTATC indicated that the effect of location on essential oil was significantly different at 5% probability level.