مرضیه حق بین

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Epidemiological studies have led to the hypothesis that vitamin D may reduce the risk of breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency and breast cancer.

This case-control study was conducted on 59 patients referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Comprehensive Cancer Clinic in Jahrom city between May 2021 and March 2022. Thirty patients with pathologically confirmed ductal or lobular breast cancer in situ or invasive in one or both breasts, with no previous history of the disease and within two months of their breast cancer diagnosis, were considered as the case group. Thirty women without breast cancer who had been referred for breast screening examination were considered as the control group. Both groups were matched for demographic characteristics and age. The data collection tools in this study included demographic information and clinical history of the patients and serum vitamin D levels. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 21 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) and descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests (logistic regression, Kolmogorov-Smirnov). The significance level was considered to be P<0.05.

The mean age of the patients participating in the case group was 52.17±10.6 and in the control group was 51.24±9.7. There was no statistically significant difference in age (P=0.654). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in terms of body mass index and different body index classifications, menopause age, and age of onset of menstruation. The number of months of breastfeeding in the control group was significantly higher than the case group (P=0.001). The results of logistic regression showed that, on the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the type of pathology of the disease and serum vitamin D levels.

The results of the present study showed that vitamin D deficiency can be a poor prognostic factor in the course of breast cancer.

By replacing traditional teaching methods with modern educational approaches, medical education also requires transformation. This study aimed to design an interactive educational software atlas of breast diseases for medical students and assessing their perspectives and satisfaction.

This study was a design and development project aimed at stimulating clinical cases on both web and mobile devices. The designed atlas was provided to 20 clinical medical students from Jahrom University who were undergoing their surgical rotation. The students' perspectives were evaluated using a 10-question questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale, while their satisfaction was assessed on a 10-point scale.

The highest percentage of respondents, ranging from 60 to 80 percent, rated the application's impact on learning and its applicability as excellent or good. 31.6 percent of students were completely satisfied with the designed atlas, while 73.7 percent of participants rated it 7 or higher. Additionally, the survey results revealed that 84.3 percent of students were highly satisfied, giving a score of 8 or above.

The breast disease atlas simulator has the potential to positively impact student learning and satisfaction. By utilizing this interactive atlas, which contains real content, as an effective educational tool, it can be applied in various fields, including medical education.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and one of the major causes of cancer deaths in women. The present study was conducted with aim to investigate the relationship between breast cancer and dietary patterns in women with breast cancer in Jahrom city.

This cross-sectional and analytical study was performed in 2021 on 107 women with breast cancer who referred to the Khatam Al-Anbia center in Jahrom city. The required information was collected through interviews and completing the food frequency questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 21) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A significant inverse correlation was seen between the duration of receiving chemotherapy and the frequency of fast food consumption (r=-0.201, P=0.046). There was no significant difference in terms of disease pathology, disease stage, lymphatic involvement and cancer vascular involvement in food frequency in any of the foods (P>0.05), but people with breast cancer recurrence had a lower mean frequency of chocolate consumption than those who had no recurrence (P=0.025). People with breast cancer metastasis had a lower mean frequency of coffee consumption (P=0.009) and more fast food consumption (P=0.024) than those without cancer metastasis. The frequency of consumption of chocolate and fried foods was significantly higher in deceased people than in surviving persons (P<0.05).

In this study, there was a significant relationship between breast cancer and food patterns, including a positive correlation with tea and soda consumption, a negative correlation with fast food consumption, and a difference in chocolate and coffee consumption in people with cancer in terms of recurrence and metastasis. More studies are needed to compare the dietary patterns of these people with healthy ones in Jahrom city to find the causes between nutritional disorders and breast cancer.

Mammography has diagnostic value as a tool for the early detection of intangible breast cancers, both in screening and in the detection of disease. The present study was performed with aim to evaluate the findings related to focal asymmetry density of breast and their relationship with malignancy rate.

This descriptive analytical study was performed in 2019 on 150 patients with focal asymmetric density mammography referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Clinic of Jahrom city. Variables such as the appearance of the lesion on ultrasound, the presence or absence of a mass, the type of mass and the location of the lesion on ultrasound were examined and then hormonal and pathological evaluation was performed if necessary. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 19) and Chi-square and t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Out of 150 patients, 134 cases of focal asymmetry density (FAD) were observed on mammography. The age distribution of people whose mammographic findings showed the presence of FAD did not show a significant difference compared to patients without FAD (P=0.728). The outer upper quadrant or UOQ with 84 cases (56%) is the most common site of FAD involvement. Mammographic findings including normal, benign, suspected, borderline and malignant were significantly associated with the presence or absence of FAD (P=0.001). BI-RADS score was also significantly associated with the presence or absence of FAD in mammography (P=0.0001). The pathology was performed only for 21 cases. Based on this test, the sensitivity and specificity of focal asymmetry density for malignancy were determined as 63.64% and 20.00%.

Considering to the sensitivity and specificity of positive focal asymmetric density in mammography, for additional studies and to increase the diagnostic value, it is necessary to use other screening methods along with mammography for patients prone to focal asymmetric density.

Quantitative studies and questionnaires have not been very expressive of the concerns and experiences of people with cancer, and due to the lack of studies in this field, we decided to conduct this study in order to investigate the wishes and experiences of breast cancer patients. Redesign the qualitative format with semi-structured questions to express people's real experiences as much as possible.

This study was conducted using a qualitative method and based on content analysis on 15 women with breast cancer at Mrs. Al-Anbia Clinic in Peymaniye Jahrom Hospital. The experience of people personally at different stages from the beginning of the diagnosis until now was questioned.

After analyzing the interviews, themes including information about the disease, psychological symptoms, social experiences, spiritual resources, side effects of treatment, family support and adaptation to the problem were extracted. Accidental encounter, follow-up of symptoms with screening and observation of symptoms had shown itself. The theme of psychological symptoms was expressed with three sub-themes of psychological resistance, psychological signs and symptoms, and fear and worry about the consequences of the disease in people's experience. ,

The results showed that complications related to treatment are an integral part of the experiences of breast cancer patients, and cancer affects a person's personal identity as well as his view of himself, family, society, and even the work environment.

Responsive education is an essential aspect of clinical education that ensures students are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to meet the demands of the healthcare system. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the state of responsive education in the clinical education departments of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 1401 on all the clinical training groups of Peymaniyeh, Motahari and Seyed al-Shohada medical centers of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. The sampling was done by census of all the professors of the clinical groups Responsive training questionnaire was used to evaluate the realization of different criteria of responsive training. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and using descriptive (mean, percentage and standard deviation) and inferential (t-test, chi-square and Mann-Whitney) statistical tests at a significance level of P<0.05.

24 men and 16 women participated in the present study with an average age of 44.92±9.91 years. The average length of work experience was 11.42±8.37 years. The average scores of each evaluation were relatively low and ranged from 30 to 26.39 out of 100 possible points. The cumulative average score of all indicators was 35.43%. Achievement-based education had the highest average score with 39.26% and 24.45 standard deviation. Grades for training and providing efficient human resources based on the capabilities and roles required by society and the health system, anticipating society's needs, responsive and effective management (governance of the institution), the mechanism required for accreditation, global principles and local requirements, cooperation and interaction With the health system, quality improvement, standards and the role of society were in the next ranks. The comparison of the scores on the community needs prediction scale between male and female individuals showed that the average difference between the groups was 11.97% and the standard error difference was 5.78, which showed a significant difference (P=0.045). In this way, women gave higher evaluation scores than men.

The educational scores of respondents in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences were not at the appropriate level, especially in the field of the role of society in education

The present study was performed with aim to compare the safety and efficacy of different forms of phenylephrine to prevent oxytocin-induced hypotension in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.

In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus and Persian language databases of SID and Elmnet were searched with keywords of "Phenylephrine", "Caesarean section", "blood pressure", "Oxytocin" and their Persian synonyms. The occurrence of hypotension in different groups of clinical trial studies was considered as the effect size. The safety and efficacy of study arms based on different pharmaceutical forms of phenylephrine were investigated with network meta-analysis review techniques.

A total of 6 interventions including low dose bolus (50 micrograms) or high dose (75 or 100 micrograms), intramuscular injection of 1, 2 and 3 milligrams of drug and no injection of phenylephrine (injection of normal saline) and totally 4 studies with a total of 9 pairwise comparisons with direct data were available. Also, 6 nonrealistic (indirect) comparisons were synthesized with predictions based on the Baysesian model. Based on the random effect model, injection of bolus of 75/100 μg significantly with a risk ratio of 0.07 (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.48) less than low dose bolus (50 μg) was associated with the occurrence of blood pressure drops. Risk of the occurrence of hypotension in the group of bolus injection of a high dose of phenylephrine (75 or 100 micrograms) was 0.04 times (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.31) of normal saline injection. There was no significant difference in other comparisons.

Bolus injection with a high dose of phenylephrine is associated with the lowest chance of hypotension; while other methods of drug administration are not different. The synthesis of hypothetical studies based on Baysesian statistics helps researchers predict the results of future clinical trials on these subjects.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The severity and importance of risk factors and predisposing behaviors are different in each region. Analysis of the relationship between prognostic factors in women with breast cancer can affect the treatment process of patients. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between age of disease onset and the prognosis of breast cancer in women.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 160 patients referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Cancer Clinic in Jahrom in 2021 and their cancer was confirmed based on pathology report. The information in the questionnaire was analyzed using patients' files. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and Spearman's correlation coefficient test and survival analysis and Kaplan-Meier curve (survival). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no statistically significant relationship between age of disease onset and stage of breast cancer (r = 0.018, P = 0.891) and the size of lesions at the time of breast cancer diagnosis (r = 0.031, P = 0.721). Spearman correlation coefficient showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the age of disease onset and lymph node involvement (r = -0.190, P = 0.016) and the prognostic factor Her2 at the time of breast cancer diagnosis (r = -0.167, P = 0.045); as the age of onset increases, Her2 decreases at the time of breast cancer diagnosis.

The highest frequency of age of women participating in the study was in the range of 41 to 50 years, but according to survival analysis based on age group, survival was higher in people over 70 years than other age groups (4.71±0.54 years). However, the Kaplan Mir chart did not show a difference between the different age groups, but as age increases, Her2 and lymph node involvement decreases at the time of breast cancer diagnosis.

Today, peer education programs focus on scientific support, guiding and creating interaction between students has been considered to model students' scientific progress. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of medical students from implementing the peer program as a mentor using a qualitative framework.

The present study is a qualitative study of the type of contractual content analysis with code of ethics IR.NASRME.REC.1400.067. The participants were selected by purposive sampling method with maximum diversity approach, including 30 medical students and 13 peers as mentors from 94 to 1400 entries. Qualitative data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The duration of the interviews was between 45-60 minutes.

In total, 24 girls (55.8 percent) and 19 boys (44.2 percent) students participated in this study. From the total interviews conducted, 267 open codes, 5 categories and 2 main themes were extracted. The main topics and classes include "Peer as mentor program; a need-based approach" with the sub-themes of facilitating the learning process, accelerating the achievement of goals and developing communication skills, and "The need to promote the peer as mentor program" with the sub-themes of the need to strengthen the infrastructure and the necessity of reviewing the standards related to the selection of the group leader.

The findings of the study showed that the process of the peer training program as a mentor is accompanied by challenges, but it can facilitate, increase theoretical and practical learning, as well as develop the communication skills of medical students.

Assessing students' professional skills, teamwork and communication proficiency in the clinical environment by multiple evaluators such as educators, peers and students themselves is essential. The aim of this study was to compare the self-assessment method and peer assessment as means of evaluation on the clinical competence of medical students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 110 medical students of University of Medical Sciences in 2020-2021.Convenience sampling method was used. To assess clinical competence, a valid and reliable questionnaire was used in four areas of communicative proficiency, cooperation with the medical team, patient management and practical skills. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance.

The results of self-assessment showed that students in the field of practical skills (12.44 ± 3.16) were more capable but in the field of communication skills (7.96 ± 2.01) scored low on their ability. Peer assessment, the highest score was seen in the field of practical skills (12.69 ± 2.44) and the least was allocated to the field of cooperation with the treatment team (7.70 ± 1.96.). Comparing the mean scores of self-assessments with the mean scores of peers demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001).

Self-assessment and peer assessment as a complementary, applicable and accessible method for assessing students' achievement of expected competencies can be considered in the evaluation system of clinical education.

Moral distress is one of the hidden moral challenges in providing nursing care services that occurs in conditions of impossibility to perform the right job despite knowing its correctness. This challenge is greater among nurses in wards with more acute conditions, such as the emergency department. This study was conducted with the aim of systematically reviewing moral distress and its related components in studies conducted on emergency department employees.

This research is based on a systematic review that evaluates the quality of articles using the STROBE standard checklist. Preliminary studies were conducted through articles in Persian language databases; SID, Iranmedex, Magiran and English language databases; Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar; was examined. In order to access the full text of articles containing Persian keywords; Moral distress, moral stress, moral stress, moral distress, moral anxiety, moral turmoil, and emergency-related phrases were used as a combination of words; Also includes boolean search methods and OR operators and Mesh keywords; Moral Distress, Ethical Distress, Ethical unease, Ethical disquiet, Emergency were used.

In the initial stage, 466 studies were studied. The researchers then reviewed the articles that had been searched, and finally, after removing duplicate, irrelevant items, qualitative studies, narrative review, and a letter to the editor; 18 researches were used to write this research. Among the studies studied, 11 Iranian articles were conducted, which shows 61.11% of the total studies; other studies have been conducted in Taiwan, China, the United States, Indonesia and Switzerland. The average moral distress of emergency department nurses was moderate and there was a significant relationship with components such as background and workload of the findings of these studies.

The set of studies performed on emergency department nurses is a reliable number to show the level of moral distress, but this amount of study is not reliable to obtain a model of components and variables related to moral distress. For this purpose, in addition to further research on this group of nurses, by removing the characteristics of emergency department nurses, a systematic review of all studies conducted in the field of moral distress on the nursing community can be done to achieve more accurate results.

Due to the relatively high prevalence of benign breast diseases in women and the hormonal relationship in puberty and regulating the growth rate of epithelial cells and stromal cells of the breast, more attention to these effective hormonal factors will be effective in reducing the prevalence of these diseases.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 610 women referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Breast Cancer Clinic in Jahrom participated in 2019. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire that the validity of this questionnaire was determined by 5 professors of the Department of Surgery and Obstetrics and its reliability was determined by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test of 85%.

610 women aged 20-60 years who referred to Khatamah Al-Anbia Clinic in Jahrom participated in the study. The history of hyperlipidemia in women participating in the study had the highest frequency in fibroadenoma and non-fibroadenoma groups. Also in the fibroadenoma group, 30.2% of women were overweight and 10.4% obese, while in the group without fibroadenoma, 43.7% of women were overweight and 24.6% were obese. Regarding the use of hormonal drugs, the results of logistic regression by modulating the effect of age and BMI showed that the duration of use of OCP, OR = 0.93 (CI: 0.55,1.56)) was not significantly associated with the chance of developing benign breast masses (PV: 0.78)

The results of this study showed that the use of birth control pills (OCP) is not associated with the occurrence of benign breast diseases.

The COVID-19 epidemic has severely affected the life of people around the world. Periods of stress and psychological distress caused by this pandemic can affect a woman's menstrual cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on women's reproductive health. This narrative review was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of coronavirus on different aspects of each part of this axis and its relationship with women's health considering hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.

In this narrative review study, the databases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase were searched using the keywords of "Female Reproductive System", "Hypothalamus", "Pituitary" and "Ovary" with the keywords of "COVID-19" and "SARS-COV-2" with a time limit from 2020 onwards. Then, the studies were summarized conceptually and the findings were categorized and interpreted in terms of the effect of coronavirus on the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary.

The potential neuronal invasion by the coronavirus could had led to its direct effect from the beginning to the end of this axis. Although more studies have examined the effect of COVID-19 on the regulation of sex hormones in women with COVID-19, most studies on the hypothalamic and pituitary axis have been based on genetic simulations.

Coronavirus can have a wide impact on all organs involved in the female reproductive system. Over time, our understanding of the possible effects of this disease on female fertility will increase.

Jahrom Cancer Research Center is a neo-center that has been get started since 2016 and so far no study has been done to determine the coverage of patients referred to this center. The aim of this study was to estimate the percentage of patients referred to the Cancer Research Center and in addition to determine the sensitivity of the cancer registration system during the study years.

In this study, the information of breast cancer patients has been extracted from three data sources (death, cancer registration system and cancer research center). The corrected number of cases of breast cancer was estimated using log linear method, during the study years. The percentage of patients referred to the Cancer Research Center and the sensitivity of the registration system were calculated based on the estimated number of cases.

In the study, 205 patients with breast cancer referred to the Cancer Research Center between 2016 and 2019, and the coverage of breast cancer patients by this center were 62%. The sensitivity of the breast cancer registration system was estimated to be 53.9% in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

The present study showed that a relatively acceptable percentage of breast cancer patients referred to this center. But the sensitivity of the breast cancer registration system is low despite the population base cancer registry system. Increasing interaction and cooperation between the cancer registry system and the Cancer Research Center could have a significant impact on increasing the sensitivity of cancer registry system.

Phyllodes (PTs) tumors are fibroblastic neoplasms of the breast. PTs are relatively rare and include less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. In this study, a case of large tumor of Phyllodes following fennel consumption was reported.

The patient was a 47-year-old MCzabz female who complained of a large mass in the left breast and referred to Peymaniyeh Hospital in Jahrom. The patient had a history of infertility for 8 years. She had a 3 cm mass in the left breast from the past 2 years. During previous 7 months, she has used fennel for 3 months due to menstrual irregularities.

It seems that the increasing of the breast tumor size in this patient is due to arbitrary consumption of fennel; because fennel has a lot of estrogen, which affects Endoplasmic Reticulum, and tumor filament cells also have beta ER-estrogen receptors; in this patient, the arbitrary consumption of fennel for 3 months has led to the sudden increase in the volume of this mass in the breast.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a local dilation of the abdominal aorta that increases the risk of rupture up to 50% of normal diameter. AAA is the leading cause of death and is the 13th leading cause of death in the United States. Aging, male gender and smoking are the most important causes of AAA. At present, there is no drug treatment to prevent the development of AAA and mortality after rupture remains high.

The patient was a 74-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, lumbar disc, lower extremity paralysis, chronic heart disease and bladder cancer. He underwent 2 operations due to cancer with abdominal pain and a history of fainting in the previous hour at home. Is.

In elderly patients with abdominal pain with or without underlying disease, according to the symptoms and clinical examinations, the patient can be examined for abdominal aortic aneurysm and thus there will be more time to treat the patient.

Kimura (KD) is a rare and chronic inflammatory disease that causes subcutaneous swelling and lymphadenopathy for unknown reasons and usually shows masses such as painless subcutaneous tumors in the head and neck. The disease is diagnosed based on the presence of a characteristic subcutaneous mass, elevated peripheral blood eosinophilia, IgA E levels, and biopsy, which indicates abnormal proliferation of lymph follicles and vascular endothelium with eosinophilic infiltration.

The patient is a 35-year-old woman who suffered from first degree localized burns in a large area of ​​the body with warm water 2 months before the diagnosis and then the symptoms of Kimura disease appeared in order and after performing several tests and sampling of the disease Proved.

It seems that in our patient, a large superficial burn acted as a skin shock and caused the symptoms of Kimura disease, so that the patient showed all the symptoms of this disease within 2 months, including skin symptoms (Dryness, burning, thickening, severe itching and excessive wrinkles), skin rashes on the back of the neck and then swelling in the nose and back of the eyes, and finally an almond-sized mass on the right side of the back Is the neck. The patient has heartburn, loss of appetite and weight loss. His illness has also responded to steroid treatment.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in females and the leading cause of death among this population worldwide. This study aimed to determine the attitude and practice of females referring to Khatam al-Anbia comprehensive health center toward breast cancer and its screening methods in Jahrom, Iran.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 311 females (age range: 20-60) who were selected using the convenience sampling method in Jahrom, Iran, during 2020. The data were collected using the standard attitude and practice questionnaire toward breast cancer and screening methods. Subsequently, data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) through descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

In total, 50.2% of the females were under 40 years of age, and 96.5% of the women had negative attitudes towards breast cancer and screening methods. There was no significant relationship between demographic characteristics and women's attitudes towards breast cancer and screening methods. Furthermore, 62.4% of the cases performed breast self-examination, and 37.4% of them performed it monthly. Moreover, 48.4% of the women had schedules to undergo mammography. The time intervals in 54.3% of the women for mammography were every few years (three years).

The majority of the participants in this study had a negative attitude towards breast cancer screening tests. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the attitudes of Iranian women by increasing awareness. This can help enhance breast self-examination and other methods of breast cancer screening, which leads to early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease.

Benign breast diseases are one of the most common diseases in the females of any society. This study was performed with aim to determine demographic characteristics, history of disease and body mass index in women with benign breast masses and compare it with healthy women referred to Khatam-Al-Anbia Clinic in Jahrom.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 with participation of 610 women referred to Khatam-Al-Anbia Clinic in Jahrom. 148 women had fibroadenoma and 467 didn’t have fibroadenoma. Data related to the patients were collected using a questionnaire including individual demographic characteristics and medical records of the referred women. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 21) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The history of hyperlipidemia was highest in the women with fibroadenoma and without fibroadenoma. In the fibroadenoma group, 29 (29.9%) of women were overweight and 10 (10.3%) were obese, while in the group without fibroadenoma, 125 (43.3%) of women were overweight and 72 (24.9%) were obese. Overweight reduces the chance of developing benign breast masses by 22.2% (95% CI: 0.057-0.836) and obesity reduces the chance of developing benign breast masses by 15.8% (95% CI: 0.036-0.693) and it had a protective effect.

Overweight and obesity reduce the incidence of benign breast diseases. Therefore, it is suggested that the study be performed by adjusting other confounding factors in more extensive level.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Anxiety can weaken the body's immune system and make them vulnerable to the diseases such as coronavirus disease. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the level of anxiety caused by the new coronavirus (Covid-19) in patients with breast cancer during the coronavirus pandemic.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 on 102 breast cancer patients in Jahrom. Data collection tools were Demographic Information Questionnaire and Coronavirus Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS). Scoring range in this study was 0-54. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and statistical tests of t-test and ANOVA or its non-parametric equivalent. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean score of anxiety caused by Covid-19 virus 19 in patients with breast cancer was 22.44±16.61, which is lower than average level. Among the components of anxiety, the mean score of psychological symptoms (36.81±24.38) in patients with breast cancer was higher than physical symptoms (12.76±11.73). No significant relationship was observed between other demographic variables and anxiety caused by Coronavirus 19 (P>0.05).

The results of the present study showed that the level of anxiety in women with breast cancer in Jahrom is lower than average level.

Despite many promising advances in recent years, our standing about the onset, progression, and metastasis of breast cancer is not yet complete. However, it is believed that hormones in women may also play an import role in the onset and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between prolactin level and breast cancer in menopausal and pre-menopausal women.

This case-control study was conducted on 100 women with breast cancer referred to Breast Cancer Center of Peymanieh Hospital (Jahrom University of Medical Sciences) in two groups of breast cancer (25 menopausal and 25 pre-menopausal women) and control group (25 menopausal and 25 pre-menopausal women) in 2018. Serum prolactin levels were measured by ELISA and malondialdehyde method manually and by reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Two groups were homogeneous in terms of mean of age, weight, height, duration of marriage, time of first delivery and number of offspring (p >0.05). There was no significant relationship between increased prolactin level and breast cancer in menopausal women (p = 0.425). There was no significant relationship between increased prolactin hormone and breast cancer in pre-menopausal women (p = 0.867). There was no significant difference between menopausal women with breast cancer and control group in the frequency of TSH (p = 0.378).

There was no significant relationship between increased prolactin hormone and breast cancer in menopausal and pre-menopausal women. However, elevated serum levels of TSH were more common among those with breast cancer than healthy controls, but the difference was not significant. However, further investigation is needed in this regard.